scholarly journals Socioeconomic and environmental patterns behind H1N1 spreading in Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
András Bota ◽  
Martin Holmberg ◽  
Lauren Gardner ◽  
Martin Rosvall
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Inverse ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Epidemic Spreading ◽  
Socioeconomic Mobility ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIdentifying the critical factors related to influenza spreading is crucial in predicting and mitigating epidemics. Specifically, uncovering the relationship between epidemic onset and various risk indicators such as socioeconomic, mobility and climate factors can reveal locations and travel patterns that play critical roles in furthering an outbreak. We study the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza outbreaks in Sweden’s municipalities between 2009 and 2015 and use the Generalized Inverse Infection Method (GIIM) to assess the most significant contributing risk factors. GIIM represents an epidemic spreading process on a network: nodes correspond to geographical objects, links indicate travel routes, and transmission probabilities assigned to the links guide the infection process. Our results reinforce existing observations that the influenza outbreaks considered in this study were driven by the country’s largest population centers, while meteorological factors also contributed significantly. Travel and other socioeconomic indicators have a negligible effect. We also demonstrate that by training our model on the 2009 outbreak, we can predict the epidemic onsets in the following five seasons with high accuracy.

CONCEPTUALISING RISK CULTURE ON ERM IMPLEMENTATION IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Ching Ching Wong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
The Body ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Risk Appetite ◽  
Risk Culture ◽  
Risk Treatment ◽  
Managing Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is an effective technique in managing risk within an organization strategically and holistically. Risk culture relates to the general awareness, attitudes and behaviours towards risk management in an organisation. This paper presents a conceptual model that shows the relationship between risk culture and ERM implementation. The dependent variable is ERM implementation, which is measured by the four processes namely risk identification and risk assessment; risk treatment; monitor and consult; communicate and consult. The independent variables under risk culture are risk policy and risk appetite; key risk indicators; accountability; incentives; risk language and internal relationships. This study aims to empirically test the relationship between risk culture and ERM implementation among Malaysian construction public listed companies. Risk culture is expected to have direct effects and significantly influence ERM. This study contributes to enhance the body of knowledge in ERM especially in understanding significant of risk culture that influence its’ implementation from Malaysian perspective.

scholarly journals Effects of heterogeneity in infection-exposure history and immunity on the dynamics of a protozoan parasite

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (16) ◽  
pp. 841-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite Severins ◽  
Don Klinkenberg ◽  
Hans Heesterbeek
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Systems Models ◽  
Exposure History ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Initial Contamination

Infection systems where traits of the host, such as acquired immunity, interact with the infection process can show complex dynamic behaviour with counter-intuitive results. In this study, we consider the traits ‘immune status’ and ‘exposure history’, and our aim is to assess the influence of acquired individual heterogeneity in these traits. We have built an individual-based model of Eimeria acervulina infections, a protozoan parasite with an environmental stage that causes coccidiosis in chickens. With the model, we simulate outbreaks of the disease under varying initial contaminations. Heterogeneity in the traits arises stochastically through differences in the dose and frequency of parasites that individuals pick up from the environment. We find that the relationship between the initial contamination and the severity of an outbreak has a non-monotonous ‘wave-like’ pattern. This pattern can be explained by an increased heterogeneity in the host population caused by the infection process at the most severe outbreaks. We conclude that when dealing with these types of infection systems, models that are used to develop or evaluate control measures cannot neglect acquired heterogeneity in the host population traits that interact with the infection process.

scholarly journals Ethical Issues in Consent for the Reuse of Data in Health Data Platforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex McKeown ◽  
Miranda Mourby ◽  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Sophie Walker ◽  
Mark Sheehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Data Reuse ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractData platforms represent a new paradigm for carrying out health research. In the platform model, datasets are pooled for remote access and analysis, so novel insights for developing better stratified and/or personalised medicine approaches can be derived from their integration. If the integration of diverse datasets enables development of more accurate risk indicators, prognostic factors, or better treatments and interventions, this obviates the need for the sharing and reuse of data; and a platform-based approach is an appropriate model for facilitating this. Platform-based approaches thus require new thinking about consent. Here we defend an approach to meeting this challenge within the data platform model, grounded in: the notion of ‘reasonable expectations’ for the reuse of data; Waldron’s account of ‘integrity’ as a heuristic for managing disagreement about the ethical permissibility of the approach; and the element of the social contract that emphasises the importance of public engagement in embedding new norms of research consistent with changing technological realities. While a social contract approach may sound appealing, however, it is incoherent in the context at hand. We defend a way forward guided by that part of the social contract which requires public approval for the proposal and argue that we have moral reasons to endorse a wider presumption of data reuse. However, we show that the relationship in question is not recognisably contractual and that the social contract approach is therefore misleading in this context. We conclude stating four requirements on which the legitimacy of our proposal rests.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Near-Repeat Street Robbery and the Environment: Evidence from Malmö, Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Markus Rasmusson ◽  
Marco Helbich
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Near Repeat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crime Event

Near-repeat crime refers to a pattern whereby one crime event is soon followed by a similar crime event at a nearby location. Existing research on near-repeat crime patterns is inconclusive about where near-repeat patterns emerge and which physical and social factors influence them. The present research addressed this gap by examining the relationship between initiator events (i.e., the first event in a near-repeat pattern) and environmental characteristics to estimate where near-repeat patterns are most likely to emerge. A two-step analysis was undertaken using data on street robberies reported in Malmö, Sweden, for the years 2006–15. After determining near-repeat patterns, we assessed the correlations between initiator events and criminogenic places and socioeconomic indicators using a negative binomial regression at a street segment level. Our results show that both criminogenic places and socioeconomic indicators have a significant influence on the spatial variation of initiator events, suggesting that environmental characteristics can be used to explain the emergence of near-repeat patterns. Law enforcement agencies can utilize the findings in efforts to prevent further street robberies from occurring.

ROLLER-COASTER FAILURE RATES AND MEAN RESIDUAL LIFE FUNCTIONS WITH APPLICATION TO THE EXTENDED GENERALIZED INVERSE GAUSSIAN MODEL

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh C. Gupta ◽  
Weston Viles
Keyword(s):  
Failure Rate ◽  
Generalized Inverse ◽  
Residual Life ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Change Points ◽  
Mean Residual Life ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Inverse Gaussian ◽  
Generalized Inverse Gaussian ◽  
The Relationship

The investigation in this article was motivated by an extended generalized inverse Gaussian (EGIG) distribution, which has more than one turning point of the failure rate for certain values of the parameters. In order to study the turning points of a failure rate, we appeal to Glaser's eta function, which is much simpler to handle. We present some general results for studying the reationship among the change points of Glaser's eta function, the failure rate, and the mean residual life function (MRLF). Additionally we establish an ordering among the number of change points of Glaser's eta function, the failure rate, and the MRLF. These results are used to investigate, in detail, the monotonicity of the three functions in the case of the EGIG. The EGIG model has one additional parameter, δ, than the generalized inverse Gaussian (GIG) model's three parameters; see Jorgensen [7]. It has been observed that the EGIG model fits certain datasets better than the GIG of Jorgensen [7]. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present some general results dealing with the relationship among the change points of the three functions described earlier. The EGIG model is used as an illustration.

The Study of the Relationship among Airline Network Profit, the Total Numbers of Node and Airline Passenger Flow

2014 ◽  
Vol 496-500 ◽  
pp. 2895-2898
Author(s):  
Shun Zhi Xu ◽  
Jin Fu Zhu ◽  
Yan Hua Wang ◽  
Jing Du
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Simulation Research ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Passenger Flow ◽  
Change Characteristics ◽  
Airline Passenger ◽  
Airline Network ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Edge Flow

The fundamental purpose of airline to operate airline network is profit. The airline network profit is composed of the total revenue and total cost, in order to reflect the change characteristics of airline network profit, this article conducts the simulation research from two dimensions such as the airline network nodes and airline network edge flow, the purpose of which is to obtain correlation. The experimental results show that, the airline network nodes and the airline network edge flow have mutual influence and the interaction, we should put their effects together to study the airline network profit.

scholarly journals Oseltamivir Ring Prophylaxis for Containment of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Outbreaks

2010 ◽  
Vol 362 (23) ◽  
pp. 2166-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon J. Lee ◽  
Jonathan Yap ◽  
Alex R. Cook ◽  
Mark I. Chen ◽  
Joshua K. Tay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks

scholarly journals Impacts and externalities of agricultural modernization in Brazilian states

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio César de Medeiros Costa ◽  
Paulo Ricardo da Costa Reis ◽  
Marco Aurélio Marques Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Agricultural Modernization ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
Rate Test ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the levels of agricultural modernization and socioeconomic indicators of the Brazilian federation units. A multivariate approach to data analysis led to the creation of the Index of Agricultural Modernization (IAM). The Spearman correlation test was used to verify the relationship between levels of agricultural modernization and a set of economic and social indicators. As a result of the survey, we obtained the Index of Agricultural Modernization (IAM) which allowed the ranking of Brazilian states in terms of level of modernization. The correlation analysis demonstrated the existence of significant and positive correlation between the agricultural modernization and the following indicators: per capita GDP, trade balance per capita and IFDM. This means that agricultural modernization contributes to increased production, exports and the levels of socioeconomic development of the states. For the variable urbanization rate, test results showed a negative correlation with the IAM, which suggests a contribution of agricultural modernization for fixing people in the countryside. Indicators of inequality in income distribution showed no significant correlation. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the positive relationship of the IAM with indicators of production, exports and socioeconomic development shows the presence of positive externalities and impacts of the agricultural modernization processfor the Brazilian states.

scholarly journals Frailty and socioeconomic status: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiunn Wang ◽  
Claire Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Status ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between frailty and socioeconomic status has been widely explored in the literature. A deeper understanding toward the underlying mechanism is required to further assist policy makers in reducing the inequalities. The objective of this study is to systematically review evidence investigating the direct relationship between frailty and socioeconomic status. The review was conducted following the principles of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Among the included studies, 52.38% explored the pattern of frailty in age and 42.86% explored mediators as the pathway variables. With various measures and methodologies, included studies did not point to the same conclusions. In terms of the pattern of frailty in age, we found evidence for the age as leveller hypothesis, the status maintenance hypothesis and the cumulative advantage hypothesis. The included mediators differed across studies. However, we found that these mediators can be categorised into behaviours, health, social factors, material resources and mental status. These categories indicate the important aspects to consider for policies aiming at reducing the inequalities in frailty. To obtain a full picture of the underlying mechanism, future research should harmonise different measures for frailty and socioeconomic indicators and apply more comprehensive sets of mediators.

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