scholarly journals Urbanization favors the proliferation of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in urban areas of Miami-Dade County, Florida

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
André B. B. Wilke ◽  
Chalmers Vasquez ◽  
Augusto Carvajal ◽  
Maday Moreno ◽  
Douglas O. Fuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Dade County ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Alterations

AbstractUrbanization processes are increasing globally. Anthropogenic alterations in the environment have profound effects on biodiversity. Decreased biodiversity due to biotic homogenization processes as a consequence of urbanization often result in increased levels of mosquito vector species and vector-borne pathogen transmission. Understanding how anthropogenic alterations in the environment will affect the abundance, richness, and composition of vector mosquito species is crucial for the implementation of effective and targeted mosquito control strategies. We hypothesized that anthropogenic alterations in the environment are responsible for increasing the abundance of mosquito species that are adapted to urban environments such as Aedesaegypti and Culexquinquefasciatus. Therefore, our objective was to survey mosquito relative abundance, richness, and community composition in Miami-Dade County, Florida, in areas with different levels of urbanization. We selected 24 areas, 16 remote areas comprised of natural and rural areas, and 8 urban areas comprised of residential and touristic areas in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Mosquitoes were collected weekly in each area for 24 h for 5 consecutive weeks from August to October 2020 using BG-Sentinel traps baited with dry ice. A total of 36,645 mosquitoes were collected, from which 34,048 were collected in the remote areas and 2,597 in the urban areas. Our results show a clear and well-defined pattern of abundance, richness, and community composition according to anthropogenic modifications in land use and land cover. The more urbanized a given area the fewer species were found and those were primary vectors of arboviruses, Ae.aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus.

scholarly journals Urbanization creates diverse aquatic habitats for immature mosquitoes in urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
André B. B. Wilke ◽  
Catherine Chase ◽  
Chalmers Vasquez ◽  
Augusto Carvajal ◽  
Johana Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Dade County ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Global increases in temperatures and urbanization are impacting the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. Urbanization processes create suitable habitats for vector mosquitoes in which there are a reduced number of predators, and human hosts are widely available. We hypothesize that mosquito vector species, especially Aedes aegypti, are locally concentrated primarily in those specific habitats at the neighborhood levels that provide suitable conditions and environmental resources needed for mosquito survival. Determining how mosquito vector species composition and abundance depend on environmental resources across habitats addresses where different types of vector control need to be applied. Therefore, our goal was to analyze and identify the most productive aquatic habitats for mosquitoes in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Immature mosquito surveys were conducted throughout Miami-Dade County from April 2018 to June 2019, totaling 2,488 inspections. Mosquitoes were collected in 76 different types of aquatic habitats scattered throughout 141 neighborhoods located in the urbanized areas of Miami-Dade County. A total of 44,599 immature mosquitoes were collected and Ae. aegypti was the most common and abundant species, comprising 43% of all specimens collected. Aedes aegypti was primarily found in buckets, bromeliads, and flower pots, concentrated in specific neighborhoods. Our results showed that aquatic habitats created by anthropogenic land-use modifications (e.g., ornamental bromeliads, buckets, etc.) were positively correlated with the abundance of Ae. aegypti. This study serves to identify how vector mosquitoes utilize the resources available in urban environments and to determine the exact role of these specific urban features in supporting populations of vector mosquito species. Ultimately, the identification of modifiable urban features will allow the development of targeted mosquito control strategies optimized to preventatively control vector mosquitoes in urban areas.

IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING: THE PRESENT SCENARIO IN TELANGANA STATE – AN EMPERICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (65) ◽  
pp. 15164-15172
Author(s):  
S. Pratap ◽  
Aziz Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas ◽  
Telangana State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

In present scenario of COVID-19, the effect of pandemic on Digital Marketing is visible not only in urban areas but also in rural areas. Customers are searching for various products and services through Google by which they can purchase wide range of products and services to fill their needs and desires at relatively low price. The freedom to select numerous products is available by browsing various websites. Hence this study focuses on Impact of digital marketing particularly in the selected rural areas of Telangana state. This state been formed recently but in the IT sector it is receiving much attention throughout the globe, as many MNC’s are establishing their operations in this state. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to find out how the Impact of digital marketing is trickling down in the rural and remote areas of newly formed Telangana state. Hence this study focuses the impact of digital marketing in the selected areas of Telangana state.

scholarly journals Study of Working Experience in Remote Rural Areas after Medical Graduation

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
KR Thapa ◽  
BK Shrestha ◽  
MD Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
A Priority

Background Posting of doctors in remote rural areas has always been a priority for Government; however data are scarce in the country about experience of doctors of working in remote areas after medical graduation.Objective A questionnaire survey of doctors was planned to analyze their experience of working after graduation in remote rural areas in various parts of the country.Method The cross-sectional survey was done by convenience sampling method. A one-page questionnaire with one partially closed-end and five open-end type questions was distributed to the doctors who had worked in remote rural areas after graduation under various governments’ postings.Result Two-third of participants had their home in urban areas and 89.8% had stayed for 1 to 5 years. About half of the participants had difficulty in getting the posting in the remote areas of their choice. Most participants indicated provision of opportunities for Residential (postgraduate) Training as their reasons of going to remote areas as well as their suggestions to encourage young graduates to go there. Similarly most also suggested appropriate career, salary and incentives to encourage doctors to go to work in remote areas. About 85% of participants pointed out the major problem faced while posted in remote areas as difficulty in handling varied situations with no guidance or seniors available around.Conclusion The notable points indicated by the participants are centered on the opportunity for Residential Training and difficulties faced without such training. Residential Training is a priority to be considered while planning the health policy for optimum health care of people.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(2) 2014: 121-125

Inclusive and Special Education Services in Rural Settings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanthi Narayan ◽  
Nibedita Patnaik
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas

Education is a fundamental right of all children, including those with special educational needs. Efforts to achieve education for all has resulted in the focused attention of governments around the world, thereby improving the quality of education in schools and leading to dignified social status for students previously marginalized and/or denied admission to schools. This worldwide movement following various international conventions and mandates has resulted in local efforts to reach rural remote areas, with education provided by the government in most countries. Though there has been significant progress in reaching children, it has not been uniform. There are still many barriers for children in rural and tribal areas or in remote parts of the country that prevent them from receiving equitable education. The essence of inclusive education is to build the capacity to reach out to all children, thereby promoting equity. In the 1990s, special needs education was a focus, and integrating it into the overall educational system led to reforms in mainstream schools which resulted in inclusive education that addressed the diverse learning needs of children. How successful have we been in these efforts particularly in the remote and rural areas? There are various models and practices for special and inclusive education in rural and remote areas, but reaching children with special educational needs in such areas is still a challenge. Though there are schools in these areas, not all are sufficiently equipped to address the education of children with special needs. Furthermore, teachers working in rural areas in many countries are not adequately trained to teach those with special needs, nor are there the technological support systems that we find available in urban areas. Yet, interestingly, in some rural/tribal communities, the teachers are naturally at ease with children with diverse needs. The schools in such areas tend to have heterogeneous classes with one teacher providing instruction to combined groups at different grade levels. Evidence shows that rural teachers are less resistant to including children with special needs compared to urban teachers. Because of their homogeneous lifestyle, community supports in rural areas offer another supportive factor toward smooth inclusion. Though primary education is ensured in most rural and remote areas, children have to travel long distances to semi-urban/urban areas for secondary and higher education; such travel is further complicated when the child has a disability. In many rural areas, children with special needs tend to learn the traditional job skills naturally associated with that area, though such skills are not always blended into the school curriculum. Preparing teachers to provide education in rural areas with the latest technological developments and a focus on vocation is bound to make that education more meaningful and naturally inclusive.

Research on Communication Architecture of Power Terminal Access Network

2016 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 626-630
Author(s):  
Bao Zheng ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Chong Zhen
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Access Network ◽  
System Communication ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Terminal Equipment

With the accelerated pace of urbanization and the increasing number of power users in urban areas, increased the amount of business of urban power communication system. At the same time, the distribution of users in remote areas, such as rural areas has been reduced, which means that the business needs of power communications reduced. For the situation, We proposed a power system communication architecture based on the number of terminal equipment. The scheme will effectively improve the current situation of electric power communication terminal access network, and improve the efficiency of information transmission.

Crowdsourcing for large-scale mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) sampling

2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin C. Maki ◽  
Lee W. Cohnstaedt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
And Control

AbstractSampling a cosmopolitan mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species throughout its range is logistically challenging and extremely resource intensive. Mosquito control programmes and regional networks operate at the local level and often conduct sampling activities across much of North America. A method for large-scale sampling of two mosquito species using crowdsourcing to network with these local and regional programmes is described. A total of 961 mosquito vector and control districts, health departments, and individual collectors across the United States of America and Canada were contacted in 2011 and 2012 of which 9% positively responded by sending mosquitoes. In total, 1101 unique population samples of Aedes vexans (Meigen) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett were collected throughout their range in these two countries. Aedes vexans outgroup samples were also submitted from Europe and Asia. This is the largest crowd-sourced collection of samples to date.

scholarly journals Human biting Culex pipiens bioform molestus is spread in several areas in south Sweden

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luande Verah Nafula ◽  
Disa Eklöf ◽  
Anders Lindström ◽  
Steven Ger Nyanjom ◽  
Magnus Evander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Potential Vector ◽  
South Sweden ◽  
Citizen Science Project

AbstractThe mosquito species Culex pipiens is a potential vector of several pathogens infecting humans and occurs in two distinct bioforms, pipiens and molestus. Traditional morphological identification fails to separate the bioforms of Cx. pipiens despite their behavioural differences since they are morphologically indistinguishable. However, molecular methods can identify the two bioforms. The bioform molestus thrives in urban environments and bite all kinds of vertebrates, whereas bioform pipiens is more rural and mainly feed on birds.Mosquito samples submitted in a citizen science project from people experiencing mosquito problems in South Sweden were analyzed to determine the geographical distribution of the molestus bioform of Cx. pipiens. Mosquito specimens were identified to species by DNA barcoding of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the bioforms were determined with the CQ11 microsatellite marker. To establish other differences between the bioforms, part of the CPIJ001674 gene was sequenced. Culex pipiens f molestus, was present both within and outside of urban areas in several sites in southern Sweden. In one site, hybrids between the two bioforms were found. Culex pipiens f molestus has previously been found in urban areas in Sweden, but the detection of the bioform in several rural areas was surprising, indicating that it may be more widely spread than previously thought.

scholarly journals A community approach of pathogens and their arthropod vectors (ticks and fleas) in dogs of African Sub-Sahara

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Heylen ◽  
Michael Day ◽  
Bettina Schunack ◽  
Josephus Fourie ◽  
Michel Labuschange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hepatozoon Canis ◽  
Consistent Difference

Abstract Background Arthropod-borne pathogens and their vectors are present throughout Africa. They have been well-studied in livestock of sub-Saharan Africa, but poorly in companion animals. Given the socio-economic importance of companion animals, the African Small Companion Animal Network (AFSCAN), as part of the WSAVA Foundation, initiated a standardized multi-country surveillance study. Methods Macro-geographic variation in ectoparasite (ticks and fleas) and pathogen communities in dogs was assessed through molecular screening of approximately 100 infested dogs in each of six countries (Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Namibia), both in rural and urban settings. The most important intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors within the subpopulation of infested dogs were evaluated. Results Despite the large macro-geographic variation in the dogs screened, there was no consistent difference between East and West Africa in terms of the diversity and numbers of ticks. The highest and lowest numbers of ticks were found in Nigeria and Namibia, respectively. Most often, there was a higher diversity of ticks in rural habitats than in urban habitats, although the highest diversity was observed in an urban Uganda setting. With the exception of Namibia, more fleas were collected in rural areas. We identified tick species (including Haemaphysalis spinulosa) as well as zoonotic pathogens (Coxiella burnetti, Trypanosoma spp.) that are not classically associated with companion animals. Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the most abundant tick, with a preference for urban areas. Exophilic ticks, such as Haemaphysalis spp., were more often found in rural areas. Several multi-host ticks occurred in urban areas. For R. sanguineus, housing conditions and additional pets were relevant factors in terms of infestation, while for a rural tick species (Haemaphysalis elliptica), free-roaming dogs were more often infested. Tick occurrence was associated to the use of endoparasiticide, but not to the use of ectoparasiticide. The most prevalent tick-borne pathogen was Hepatozoon canis followed by Ehrlichia canis. High levels of co-parasitism were observed in all countries and habitats. Conclusions As dogs share a common environment with people, they have the potential to extend the network of pathogen transmission to humans. Our study will help epidemiologists to provide recommendations for surveillance and prevention of pathogens in dogs and humans. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals An overview on nano-materials as mosquito controlling agents against Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Plant Parts

Mosquitoes are very obnoxious insects and vectors of many diseases like malaria, filariasis, dengue, yellow fever, encephalitis etc. Among these, malaria is transmitted by Anopheles stephensi mainly in urban areas across the temperate country. So, there is an imperative requirement to imply some mechanisms to reduce the mosquito vector to facilitate the reduction of vector borne diseases throughout the globe. But, mosquito control strategies are now in front of a threat because mosquito populations get resistance against the available synthetic insecticides. Besides the chemical insecticides, several other ways to control the vector population proved unsuccessful in most of the cases. Now, various researchers are trying to develop an alternate effective approach to eradicate malaria from the earth by controlling its vector by using a product which is ecofreindly, cost effective, biodegradable, non-toxic and selective in nature. So, by the amalgamation of the two fields namely the nanotechnology and the vector managements, a new field is now opened up for decades, “the green synthesized nanoparticles as mosquito control agents”. The plant-based, fabricated nanoparticles are beneficial over the synthetic one since it is economical, eco-friendly and non-toxic to nature. Silver, gold, zinc, cobalt, copper etc. nanoparticles are green fabricated with different plant parts, fungi as well as bacteria. These nano-materials are of less than 100 nm in diameter and are currently used in various fields of industry. So, adapting the nano-biotechnology to control the mosquito vector is the need of the hour. In this present review we focused on potential role of nano-materials as mosquito control agent against An. stephensi at different life stages of it.

scholarly journals The Potential of Massive-MIMO on TV Towers for Cellular Coverage Extension

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tayebeh Taheri ◽  
Rickard Nilsson ◽  
Jaap van de Beek
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Coverage Extension

Because of low potential revenue, network operators have mainly focused on providing connectivity in urban areas rather than in rural areas resulting in technology improvement in favour of urban areas; and consequently, most of remote areas suffer from poor or lack of connectivity. In this paper, we present the potential of massive-MIMO to provide connectivity to sparse areas. We show that we can cover large rural areas with radius of tens of km using massive-MIMO mounted on existing infrastructure of TV towers. We also show that, in contrast with common belief, higher frequencies, e.g., 3500 MHz rather than 700 MHz, can reach farther utilizing massive-MIMO, provided that the antenna area is the same.

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