scholarly journals Strain and sex dependent effects of isolation housing relative to environmental enrichment on operant sensation seeking in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Price E. Dickson ◽  
Guy Mittleman
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Gene By Environment Interactions ◽  
Primary Finding ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Panel

AbstractSensation seeking is a multidimensional phenotype that predicts the development of drug addiction in humans and addiction-like drug seeking in rodents. Several lines of evidence suggest that chronic stress increases sensation seeking and addiction-like drug seeking through common genetic mechanisms. Discovery and characterization of these mechanisms would reveal how chronic stress interacts with the genome to influence sensation seeking and how drugs of abuse hijack these fundamental reward mechanisms to drive addiction. To this end, we tested the hypothesis that chronic isolation housing stress (relative to environmental enrichment) influences operant sensation seeking as a function of strain, sex, or their interaction. To determine if the BXD recombinant inbred panel could be used to identify genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying any identified gene-by-environment interactions, we used mice from the two BXD founder strains. Following 10 weeks of differential housing, we assessed operant sensation seeking using several reinforcement schedules. The primary finding from this study was that DBA/2J but not C57BL/6J mice were significantly vulnerable to an isolation-induced increase (relative to environmental enrichment) in sensation seeking during extinction when the sensory reward was no longer available; this effect was significantly more robust in females. These data reveal a previously unknown isolation-induced effect on extinction of operant sensation seeking that is sex-dependent, addiction-relevant, and that can be dissected using the BXD recombinant inbred panel.

Periodic breathing in the mouse

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1133-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Han ◽  
Shyam Subramanian ◽  
Edwin R. Price ◽  
Joseph Nadeau ◽  
Kingman P. Strohl
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cycle Number ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Recombinant Mice

The hypothesis was that unstable breathing might be triggered by a brief hypoxia challenge in C57BL/6J (B6) mice, which in contrast to A/J mice are known not to exhibit short-term potentiation; as a consequence, instability of ventilatory behavior could be inherited through genetic mechanisms. Recordings of ventilatory behavior by the plethsmography method were made when unanesthetized B6 or A/J animals were reoxygenated with 100% O2 or air after exposure to 8% O2 or 3% CO2-10% O2 gas mixtures. Second, we examined the ventilatory behavior after termination of poikilocapnic hypoxia stimuli in recombinant inbred strains derived from B6 and A/J animals. Periodic breathing (PB) was defined as clustered breathing with either waxing and waning of ventilation or recurrent end-expiratory pauses (apnea) of ≥2 average breath durations, each pattern being repeated with a cycle number ≥3. With the abrupt return to room air from 8% O2, 100% of the 10 B6 mice exhibited PB. Among them, five showed breathing oscillations with apnea, but none of the 10 A/J mice exhibited cyclic oscillations of breathing. When the animals were reoxygenated after 3% CO2-10% O2 challenge, no PB was observed in A/J mice, whereas conditions still induced PB in B6 mice. (During 100% O2 reoxygenation, all 10 B6 mice had PB with apnea.) Expression of PB occurred in some but not all recombinant mice and was not associated with the pattern of breathing at rest. We conclude that differences in expression of PB between these strains indicate that genetic influences strongly affect the stability of ventilation in the mouse.

scholarly journals Environmental enrichment protects against the effects of chronic stress on cognitive and morphological measures of hippocampal integrity

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. Hutchinson ◽  
Katie J. McLaughlin ◽  
Ryan L. Wright ◽  
J. Bryce Ortiz ◽  
Danya P. Anouti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Environmental Enrichment

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Addiction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn J. Reissner ◽  
Peter W. Kalivas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Molecular Changes ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
Social Use ◽  
The Brain

Exposure to drugs of abuse can be a reinforcing experience that, in vulnerable individuals, can lead to continued use and the development of an addiction disorder. Evidence indicates that the escalation in use and compulsive motivation to obtain the drug is linked to long-lasting cellular changes within the brain reward neurocircuitry. In this chapter we describe the stages of transition in use from social use to habitual relapse, and within that context we describe the implicated neurocircuitry, and the enduring cellular and molecular changes that occur within that circuitry, that may mediate the preoccupation with drug seeking in addiction-vulnerable individuals.

scholarly journals Adolescent environmental enrichment prevents behavioral and physiological sequelae of adolescent chronic stress in female (but not male) rats

Stress ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 464-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany L. Smith ◽  
Rachel L. Morano ◽  
Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai ◽  
Brent Myers ◽  
Matia B. Solomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Male Rats

scholarly journals Environmental enrichment reduces behavioural alterations induced by chronic stress in Japanese quail

animal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Laurence ◽  
C. Houdelier ◽  
L. Calandreau ◽  
C. Arnould ◽  
A. Favreau-Peigné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Environmental Enrichment

Perspective food addiction, caloric restriction, and dopaminergic neurotransmission

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-267
Author(s):  
Arwen Urrsula Malgorzata Stankowska ◽  
Albert Gjedde
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Food Addiction ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

People attempt to change their lifestyle when obesity impairs their quality of life. The attempts often fail when multiple habits must be changed in unison. Here we explore relations among food addiction, the neurobiology of habits, and caloric restriction, when people seek to return to normal eating behaviour, with particular emphasis on the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission.Severely obese individuals have specific neurobiological characteristics in common with drug abusers, including low availability of dopamine receptors in the striatum, impaired neuronal responses to dopamine, and reduced activity in prefrontal regions of the cerebral cortex. The neurobiological characteristics suggest that obese people also have a pathological dependence in common with addicts, in the form of food addiction.Malnutrition and dieting both relate to binge eating, possibly as a compensation for a reduced cognitive reward condition. The combination of caloric restriction and food addiction imparts a high risk of relapse as a result of further reduction of dopaminergic neurotransmission and the subsequent loss of reward. As with drugs of abuse, ingestion of large quantities of sugar in circumstances of uncontrolled eating increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This and other evidence suggests that abuse of food is a habit learned by means of mechanisms centred in the basal ganglia, with an increased risk of relapse in the presence of associative amplifiers. This risk is predicted by the relationship between dopamine receptor availability in the striatum and sensation-seeking in the form of an inverted U, suggested by recent findings, consistent with two opposite states of hypodopaminergic and hyperdopaminergic neuromodulation.

scholarly journals The Role of Trait Impulsivity and Novelty-Seeking as Predisposing Factors to the Acquisition and Reinstatement of MDMA Self-Administration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Judith Bird
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Novel Environment ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Rat Strain ◽  
Omission Rate

<p>It has been suggested that the response to novelty and impulsivity predict the latency to acquisition and maintenance of drug self-administration, respectively. The aim of this thesis was to examine the relationship between these two traits and (1) the latency to acquisition and (2) maintenance (drug seeking) of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) self–administration. Impulsivity, measured as premature responding on the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), and novelty seeking, measured as the locomotor response in a novel environment, were measured prior to self-administration. Due to characteristics of the rat strain and test equipment the 5-CSRTT was configurated in the first part of this study and modified from the standard version. Following training in this task animals were implanted with a siliastic catheter and were subsequently screened for their response to a novel environment prior to MDMA self-administration. Latency to acquisition was determined as the number of test sessions required to self-administer an initial criterion of 90 infusions of 1.0 mg/kg/infusion as well as an additional 150 infusions of 0.5 mg/kg/infusion MDMA. For some rats, the ability of MDMA (0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, IP) to produce drug seeking was subsequently measured and for others, impulsivity was again measured following self-administration. Novelty seeking predicted cocaine self-administration but was not significantly correlated with either the acquisition or drug-seeking measures of MDMA self-administration. Impulsivity was not significantly correlated with the latency to acquire self-administration of MDMA but was significantly and positively correlated with the magnitude of MDMA produced drug-seeking. Furthermore, MDMA self-administration produced a number of notable, but transient, deficits in the 5-CSRTT; there was an increase in omission rate and a delayed increase in premature responses in particular. These findings suggest that impulsivity, but not sensation seeking, might be a risk factor for the development of compulsive drug-seeking following withdrawal from MDMA self-administration. A surprising finding from this study was a high acquisition rate amongst rats that acquired the 5-CSRTT prior to self-administration. This difference was examined in a separate set of experiments. This effect could not be explained by an effect of handling, food restriction, or exposure to sweetened condensed milk and might possibly be due to differences in instrumental learning.</p>

scholarly journals Environmental Enrichment Reverses Chronic Stress‐Induced Brain‐Gut Axis Dysfunction

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Love ◽  
Anthony Johnson ◽  
Casey Ligon ◽  
Beverley Greenwood‐Van Meerveld
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Environmental Enrichment

scholarly journals An integrated homeostatic reinforcement learning theory of motivation explains the transition to cocaine addiction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Keramati ◽  
Audrey Durand ◽  
Paul Girardeau ◽  
Boris Gutkin ◽  
Serge Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Homeostatic Regulation ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Corrective Effect ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Intake Regulation

Drugs of abuse implicate both reward learning and homeostatic regulation mechanisms of the brain. Theories of addiction, thus, have mostly depicted this phenomenon as pathology in either habit-based learning system or homeostatic mechanisms. Showing the limits of those accounts, we hypothesize that compulsive drug seeking arises from drugs hijacking a system that integrates homeostatic regulation mechanism with goal-directed action/behavior. Building upon a recently developed homeostatic reinforcement learning theory, we present a computational theory proposing that cocaine reinforces goal-directed drug-seeking due to its rapid homeostatic corrective effect, whereas its chronic use induces slow and long-lasting changes in homeostatic setpoint. Our theory accounts for key behavioral and neurobiological features of addiction, most notably, escalation of cocaine use, drug-primed craving and relapse, and individual differences underlying susceptibility to addiction. The theory also generates unique predictions about the mechanisms of cocaine-intake regulation and about cocaine-primed craving and relapse that are confirmed by new experiments.

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