scholarly journals Urbanization can help reduce income inequality

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghua Wan ◽  
Xiaoling Zhang ◽  
Mengxue Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Evidence Based Policy ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
Distributional Consequences ◽  
Urban Rural

AbstractThe global community has been confronted with rising income inequality, in particular, for those least developed countries (LDCs), since the same level of inequality as in advanced countries would push many LDCs into abject poverty. This paper focuses on income inequality in developing countries, particularly LDCs. First, we demonstrate the infeasibility of fiscal measures in resolving income inequality even in developed countries. Second, we show that inequality in LDCs can be largely explained by urban-rural gap. Third, we uncover the benign impacts of urbanization on urban-rural gap. This leads us to propose an out-of-box strategy—containing income inequality by promoting well-managed urbanization. Fourth, we reveal a misperception that may have contributed to the neglect of urban-rural gap in constituting national inequality. This has possibly caused anti-urbanization mentalities and practices, with adverse distributional consequences. Finally, we provide evidence-based policy suggestions aimed at reducing income inequality and poverty—two major goals of SDGs.

The Chinese Welfare State in Transition: 1988–2007

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
QIN GAO ◽  
SUI YANG ◽  
SHI LI
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Rural System ◽  
State Affect ◽  
Urban Rural

AbstractIs China a welfare state? If so, how big is it and what does it look like? Further, how does the Chinese welfare state affect income inequality? Is it progressive or regressive? Using the China Household Income Project 1988–2007 data, this article provides updated empirical evidence on the size, structure and redistributive effect of the Chinese welfare state. We find that the Chinese welfare state is highly divided along urban–rural lines: the urban social benefit system, or the urban welfare state, stands among the more comprehensive and generous ones, similar to those in the western industrialised countries, while the rural system is minimal and residual, and similar to those in the least developed countries. The urban system has consistently reduced income inequality and has remained progressive over time. The rural system has had little impact on reducing income inequality and has been largely regressive. Social benefit for migrants has seen significant increases between 2002 and 2007 and has played an increasingly larger redistributive role. These results and recent policy changes suggest that the Chinese welfare state is likely to become more integrated, generous and progressive in the future.

scholarly journals Migration and Its Impact on Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Muslih Faozanudin ◽  
Shainima Islam
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
The Impact

People’s mobility and international migration are quite interesting phenomena to discuss. Until now, there are still differences in views between industrialized countries and developing countries regarding the contribution of migration to development for both sending and receiving countries. This paper aims to analyze based on existing secondary data the linkage between migration and sustainable development. For analysis, this study uses a descriptive approach, with secondary data as the primary source. The analysis found that both sending and receiving countries - benefited from population mobility and international migration. The least developed countries in the economy and overall infrastructure are supplying countries for this migration process, and increasing remittances and skilled workers to help other countries. Although it is realized that this condition is the impact of the weak economic system of developing countries on the one hand and the demographic that occur in advanced industrialized countries on the other. To maintain the stability of the supply chain for economic development, international migration is included as one of the sustainable development programs that apply more humane values. Therefore, migrants should be seen as potential contributors to the growth of sending and receiving countries, and some even claim that they are heroes of foreign exchange. Keywords:  migration, remmitance, sustainable development Mobilitas masyarakat dan migrasi internasional merupakan fenomena yang cukup menarik untuk dibahas. sampai saat ini masih terdapat perbedaan pandangan antara negara industri dan negara berkembang, tentang  kontribusi migrasi terhadap  pembangunan, baik  bagi negara yang asal migrant maupun bagi negara penerima. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis berdasarkan data sekunder yang ada mengenai keterkaitan antara migrasi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Untuk analisis, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif, dengan data sekunder sebagai sumber primer. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa kedua negara-negara pengirim dan penerima - mendapat manfaat dari mobilitas penduduk dan migrasi internasional. Negara-negara kurang berkembang dalam ekonomi dan infrastruktur secara keseluruhan menjadi negara pemasok untuk proses migrasi ini, dan meningkatkan pengiriman uang dan pekerja terampil untuk membantu negara lain. Meskipun disadari bahwa kondisi ini merupakan dampak dari lemahnya sistem perekonomian negara berkembang di satu sisi dan faktor demografi dan kesuburan yang terjadi di negara industri maju di sisi lain. Untuk menjaga stabilitas rantai pasokan pembangunan ekonomi, migrasi internasional dimasukkan sebagai salah satu program pembangunan berkelanjutan yang menerapkan nilai-nilai yang lebih manusiawi. Oleh karena itu, para migran harus dilihat sebagai kontributor potensial bagi pertumbuhan negara pengirim dan penerima,  bahkan ada yang mengklaim bahwa mereka adalah sebagai pahlawan devisa. Kata kunci:  migrasi, pembangunan berkelanjutan, remiten

Clinical Decision Support System Adoption & Implementation in African Health Systems: A SWOT Analysis. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Oluwafunmilola Kolawole
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Clinical Decision Support ◽  
Clinical Decision Support System ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
African Health

BACKGROUND The clinical decision support system (CDSS) has been an important achievement of health technology in the 21st century. In developed countries, it has transformed the way health services are being delivered and has shown to be a tool that reduces medical errors and misdiagnoses in Healthcare. However, CDSS remains underutilized in developing countries in Africa. OBJECTIVE This study aims to review the literature to improve our understanding of the “strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)” associated with CDSS implementation in African health systems. METHODS This study included a literature review conducted in PubMed with a total of 19 articles between the year 2010 to date (past 10years) reviewed for key themes and categorized into one of 4 possible areas within the SWOT analysis. RESULTS Articles reviewed showed common strengths of efficiency at the workplace, Improved healthcare quality, benefits in developed countries, good examples of evidence-based decision making. unreliable electric power supply, inconsistent Internet connectivity, clinician's limited computer skills, and lack of enough published evidence of benefits in developing countries are listed as a weakness. The opportunities are high demand for evidence-based practice in healthcare, a strong demand for quality healthcare, growing interest to use modern technologies. The common threats identified are government policy, political instability, low funding and resistance of use by providers. CONCLUSIONS There’s the need to work on the technical, organizational and financial barriers to ensure high adoption and implementation of the CDSS in African Health systems. Also, the lag on the knowledge available on its impact in developing countries must be worked on by supporting more studies to add to the body of knowledge.

Doing It Different

2014 ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Owais Hassan Shaikh ◽  
Yifat Nahmias
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Interregional Trade ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
The Eu

This chapter highlights the current developments in the area of intellectual property having direct consequence for the prospects of Africa's knowledge society. Even though African countries, especially the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), have not yet faced pressure from the EU, US, and EFTA for higher intellectual property standards, the situation may change soon with the imminent deadline for conclusion of Economic Partnership Agreements in 2014, the lapse of Africa Growth and Opportunities Act in 2015, and the expiry of the Cotonou Agreement in 2020. African countries will be well advised to decouple trade and intellectual property issues by promoting interregional trade or trade with other developing countries that do not demand TRIPS-Plus protection. They must also negotiate intellectual property within the ambit of the WTO.

The relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1174-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namhyun Kim ◽  
HakJun Song ◽  
Ju Hyun Pyun
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
International Dollar ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries. The empirical model is set up using unbalanced panel observations for 69 developing countries for the period 1995–2012. The findings show that tourism has heterogeneous effects on the poverty ratio in terms of a country’s income per capita: the positive effect of tourism on poverty alleviation switches to being negative after a certain threshold of a country’s income level. The results of this study indicate that only the least developed countries (those with an income per capita below international dollar 3400) have benefited from the tourism industry in terms of reducing their poverty ratios.

Trade openness and structural vulnerability in developing countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Structural Vulnerability ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how trade openness affects the structural vulnerability of developing countries. The analysis is conducted on both the entire sample of 105 countries as well as two sub-samples, namely least developed countries (LDCs) and non-LDCs. Design/methodology/approach – To perform the analysis, the author employs fixed-effects (within) regressions supplemented by instrumental variables technique based on the two-step generalized methods of moments approach. Findings – The author finds empirical evidence that although trade policy liberalization reduces the structural vulnerability on the entire sample developing countries, no statistically significant effect of such liberalization is obtained either on LDCs or non-LDCs. However, trade policy liberalization appears to reduce countries’ exposure to shocks, result that applies to the entire sample as well as the two sub-samples. The author also observes that trade policy liberalization exerts no (statistically) significant effect on the size of shocks that affect developing countries, result that applies to both the full sample and the sub-samples of LDCs and non-LDCs. Research limitations/implications – In the absence of a well-established theoretical framework on how trade openness affects the structural vulnerability of developing, the author adopts a pragmatic approach by drawing upon many insights of Loayza and Raddatz (2007) who study the structural determinants of external vulnerability. Practical implications – Developing countries in general and LDCs in particular could address their structural weaknesses by making optimal use of their trade policies. In particular, they could better use the flexibilities available to them in provisions of the World Trade Organization (WTO)’ Agreements. In this respect, the international community, notably donors of the developed world has a key role to play. Originality/value – This is the first study exploring how trade openness, capturing here through trade policy liberalization affects the structural vulnerability of developing countries.

From Basic Rights to Full Access: Elements of Current Accessibility Practice in Developing Countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 1848 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffel J. Venter ◽  
Thomas E. Rickert ◽  
David A. C. Maunder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Generalized Framework ◽  
Selection Of

Improving access to transport systems and mobility of people with disabilities is a necessary element of alleviating poverty in developing countries. A selected overview of the progress made toward achieving improved access is provided. It is based on an ongoing 3-year research program on access needs and approaches in a selection of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A generalized framework is suggested for describing the progress made across different countries. Many least developed countries are at the bottom of a continuum of activities in which issues of human rights and access to basic mobility are still paramount. Others, such as countries in Latin America, have made significant progress on access issues in major cities and are faced with challenges of expanding improvements to noncore areas and to less well-regulated modes. The framework is used to suggest some critical priorities for countries at various levels of development.

MONETARY POLICY, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
MANSOR H. IBRAHIM
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Effect Of Monetary Policy

The paper empirically examines the redistributive effect of monetary policy and assesses whether financial development plays any role in shaping monetary policy — inequality relations in developing countries. We uncover evidence supporting the redistributive consequences of monetary policy especially in more financially developed countries. We further note that while financial development raises income inequality in countries with low financial development, it leads to a reduction in income inequality in high financial development countries. As a side result, economic growth contributes favorably to income equalization in these countries. Finally, such financial indicators as financial access, financial efficiency and financial stability also condition the impacts of monetary policy on income distribution, although they are independently insignificant. Our results hint that the improvements in information and in efficiency rather than depth and access that would attenuate the negative impacts of contractionary monetary policy on income distribution.

scholarly journals International Intellectual Property Agreements as Agents of Sustainable Development of Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Bethel Uzoma Ihugba ◽  
Ikenna Stanley Onyesi
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Status

The paper examines the implication of International Intellectual Property (ip) laws and agreements on the sustainable development of Least Developed Countries (ldcs) and Developed Countries (dcs) and suggests approaches for improving the development and wellbeing of people in the developing world through national ip laws. The paper argues that generally international ip agreements may appear biased against developing countries and most dcs are reluctant to challenge the status quo and/or use the flexibilities of the international ip agreement to promote the wellbeing of their citizens. However, the article finds that ldcs and dcs could change this trend through the creative use of national ip laws and international agreements to promote the sustainable development of ldcs and dcs. The major instrument suggested for this shift in approach is the establishment of national ip administration institutions and the positive use of compulsory licences.

scholarly journals Universal Particulars towards Maternal Health Circumstance

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Sushil Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Maternal Health ◽  
Maternal Death ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Pregnancy And Delivery

Maternal health is a crucial health problem in developing countries, especially in low resource settings, rural and poor communities. The main aim of this paper is to critically evaluate and explore the situation of maternal health care in Nepal. After reviewing the literature, I found that there are several direct and indirect causes as well as affecting factors in regarding maternal death in developing and least developed countries. In developing countries, women have been facing different problems during pregnancy and delivery period. Knowledge of maternal health and assessable health facilities are most essential in rural areas to save mothers from preventable maternal death.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document