scholarly journals A 2-month field cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva of BNT162b2 vaccinated nursing home workers

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Saegerman ◽  
Anh Nguyet Diep ◽  
Véronique Renault ◽  
Anne-Françoise Donneau ◽  
Lambert Stamatakis ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Nursing home (NH) residents have been severely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic because of their age and underlying comorbidities. Infection and outbreaks in NHs are most likely triggered by infected workers. Screening for asymptomatic NH workers can prevent risky contact and viral transmission to the residents. This study examined the effect of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‑19 (Comirnaty®; BioNTech and Pfizer) vaccination on the saliva excretion of SARS-CoV-2 among NH workers, through weekly saliva RT-qPCR testing. Methods A 2-month cohort study was conducted among 99 NHs in the Walloon region (Belgium), at the start of February 2021. Three groups of workers, i.e., non-vaccinated (n = 1618), one-dosed vaccinated (n = 1454), and two-dosed vaccinated (n = 2379) of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‑19 vaccine, were followed-up weekly. Their saliva samples were used to monitor the shedding of SARS-CoV-2. All positive samples were sequenced and genotyped to identify the circulating wild-type virus or variants of concern. Results The protection fraction against the excretion of the SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva samples of the workers after the second dose is estimated at 0.90 (95% CI: 0.18; 0.99) at 1 week and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.54; 0.95) at 8 weeks. We observe more circulating SARS-CoV-2 and a greater variability of viral loads in the unvaccinated group compared to those of the vaccinated group. Conclusions This field cohort study advances our knowledge of the efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine on the viral shedding in the saliva specimens of vaccinated NH workers, contributing to better decision-making in public health interventions and management.

Author(s):  
Jiao Huang ◽  
Nianhua Xie ◽  
Xuejiao Hu ◽  
Han Yan ◽  
Jie Ding ◽  
...  

Abstract Background We aimed to describe the epidemiological, virological, and serological features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH). Methods This population-based cohort study identified all COVID-19 cases among all PLWH in Wuhan, China, by 16 April 2020. The epidemiological, virological, and serological features were analyzed based on the demographic data, temporal profile of nucleic acid test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the disease, and SARS-CoV-2–specific immunoglobin (Ig) M and G after recovery. Results From 1 January to 16 April 2020, 35 of 6001 PLWH experienced COVID-19, with a cumulative incidence of COVID-19 of 0.58% (95% confidence interval [CI], .42–.81%). Among the COVID-19 cases, 15 (42.86) had severe illness, with 2 deaths. The incidence, case-severity, and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in PLWH were comparable to those in the entire population in Wuhan. There were 197 PLWH who had discontinued combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), 4 of whom experienced COVID-19. Risk factors for COVID-19 were age ≥50 years old and cART discontinuation. The median duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding among confirmed COVID-19 cases in PLWH was 30 days (interquartile range, 20–46). Cases with high HIV viral loads (≥20 copies/mL) had lower IgM and IgG levels than those with low HIV viral loads (<20 copies/ml; median signal value divided by the cutoff value [S/CO] for IgM, 0.03 vs 0.11, respectively [P < .001]; median S/CO for IgG, 10.16 vs 17.04, respectively [P = .069]). Conclusions Efforts are needed to maintain the persistent supply of antiretroviral treatment to elderly PLWH aged 50 years or above during the COVID-19 epidemic. The coinfection of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 might change the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 patients in PLWH.


2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (24) ◽  
pp. 12039-12046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Spindler ◽  
Lei Fang ◽  
Martin L. Moore ◽  
Gwen N. Hirsch ◽  
Corrie C. Brown ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) targets endothelial and monocyte/macrophage cells throughout the mouse. Depending on the strain of mouse and dose or strain of virus, infected mice may survive, become persistently infected, or die. We surveyed inbred mouse strains and found that for the majority tested the 50% lethal doses (LD50s) were >104.4 PFU. However, SJL/J mice were highly susceptible to MAV-1, with a mean LD50 of 10−0.32 PFU. Infected C3H/HeJ (resistant) and SJL/J (susceptible) mice showed only modest differences in histopathology. Susceptible mice had significantly higher viral loads in the brain and spleen at 8 days postinfection than resistant mice. Infection of primary macrophages or mouse embryo fibroblasts from SJL/J and C3H/HeJ mice gave equivalent yields of virus, suggesting that a receptor difference between strains is not responsible for the susceptibility difference. When C3H/HeJ mice were subjected to sublethal doses of gamma irradiation, they became susceptible to MAV-1, with an LD50 like that of SJL/J mice. Antiviral immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were measured in susceptible and resistant mice infected by an early region 1A null mutant virus that is less virulent that wild-type virus. The antiviral IgG levels were high and similar in the two strains of mice. Taken together, these results suggest that immune response differences may in part account for differences in susceptibility to MAV-1 infection.


2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (21) ◽  
pp. E566-E573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jüni ◽  
Martina Rothenbühler ◽  
Pavlos Bobos ◽  
Kevin E. Thorpe ◽  
Bruno R. da Costa ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Ana R Carvalho ◽  
Carla M Pinto ◽  
João N Tavares

We focus on the importance of pyroptosis and superinfection on the maintenance of thehuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latent reservoir on infected patients. The latent reservoir hasbeen found to be crucial to the persistence of low levels of viral loads found in HIV-infected patients,after many years of successfully suppressive anti-retroviral therapy (ART). This reservoir seems to actas an archive for strains of HIV no longer dominant in the blood, such as wild-type virus. When apatient decides to quit therapy there is a rapid turnover and the wild-type virus re-emerges. Thus, itis extremely important to understand the mechanisms behind the maintenance of this reservoir. Forthat, we propose a fractional order model for the dynamics of HIV, where pyroptosis and superinfectionare considered. The model is simulated for biological meaningful parameters and interesting patternsare found. Our results are interpreted for clinical appreciation.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0257979
Author(s):  
Michael J. Satlin ◽  
Jason Zucker ◽  
Benjamin R. Baer ◽  
Mangala Rajan ◽  
Nathaniel Hupert ◽  
...  

Public health interventions such as social distancing and mask wearing decrease the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but it is unclear whether they decrease the viral load of infected patients and whether changes in viral load impact mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We evaluated 6923 patients with COVID-19 at six New York City hospitals from March 15-May 14, 2020, corresponding with the implementation of public health interventions in March. We assessed changes in cycle threshold (CT) values from reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests and in-hospital mortality and modeled the impact of viral load on mortality. Mean CT values increased between March and May, with the proportion of patients with high viral load decreasing from 47.7% to 7.8%. In-hospital mortality increased from 14.9% in March to 28.4% in early April, and then decreased to 8.7% by May. Patients with high viral loads had increased mortality compared to those with low viral loads (adjusted odds ratio 2.34). If viral load had not declined, an estimated 69 additional deaths would have occurred (5.8% higher mortality). SARS-CoV-2 viral load steadily declined among hospitalized patients in the setting of public health interventions, and this correlated with decreases in mortality.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. e428-e436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey L Blewer ◽  
Andrew Fu Wah Ho ◽  
Nur Shahidah ◽  
Alexander Elgin White ◽  
Pin Pin Pek ◽  
...  

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 520-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Heng Chen ◽  
Angela Pearson ◽  
Donald M. Coen ◽  
Shun-Hua Chen

ABSTRACT Thymidine kinase-negative mutants of herpes simplex virus did not reactivate from latency in mouse trigeminal ganglia, even when their latent viral loads were comparable to those that permitted reactivation by wild-type virus. Thus, reduced establishment of latency does not suffice to account for the failure to reactivate.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Tian ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
Yang Pan ◽  
Ziruo Ge ◽  
...  

AbstractObjectivesAs the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and SARS-CoV-2 variants are circulating worldwide, an increasing number of breakthrough infections have been detected despite the good efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines.MethodsA prospective, comparative cohort study was conducted in Beijing Ditan Hospital to evaluate the clinical, immunological and genomic characteristics of COVID-19 breakthrough infections. Data on 88 COVID-19 breakthrough cases (vaccinated group) and 41 unvaccinated cases (unvaccinated group) from June 1 to August 20, 2021 were extracted from a cloud database. Among these 129 COVID-19 cases, we successfully sequenced 33 whole genomes, including 16 from the vaccinated group and 17 from the unvaccinated group.ResultsAsymptomatic and mild cases predominated in both groups, but 2 patients developed severe disease in the unvaccinated group. Between the two groups, the median time of viral shedding in the vaccinated group were significantly lower than those in the unvaccinated group (p = 0.003). A comparison of dynamic IgG titres of cases in the two groups indicated that IgG titres in the vaccinated group showed a significantly increasing trend (P =0.028). The CD4+T lymphocyte count was lower in the unvaccinated group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.018). In the vaccinated group, the number of moderate cases who received Sinopharm BBIBP (42 cases) was significantly higher than those who received Sinovac Coronavac (p=0.020). Whole-genome sequencing revealed 23 cases of delta variants, including 15 patients from the vaccinated group. However, no significant difference was observed in either the RT-qPCR results or viral shedding time.ConclusionsCOVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections were mainly asymptomatic and mild, the IgG titres were significantly higher and increased rapidly, and the viral shedding was short. Delta variants may be more likely to cause breakthrough infections, and vaccination may not reduce the viral loads and shedding time.


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