scholarly journals Accelerating the transition of clinical science to translational medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (20) ◽  
pp. 2423-2428
Author(s):  
Stephen T. Holgate
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Translational Medicine ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Clinical Science ◽  
Patient Benefit ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Applications Of Machine Learning ◽  
The Right ◽  
Target Side

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown the importance of medical research in responding to the urgent prevention and health needs to combat the devastating disease, COVID-19, that this β-coronavirus unleashed. Equally, it has demonstrated the importance of interdisciplinary working to translate scientific discovery into public and patient benefit. As we come to adjust to live with this new virus, it is important to look back and see what lessons we have learnt in the way scientific medical discoveries can be more effectively and rapidly moved into public benefit. Clinical Science has had a long and distinguished history with this Journal bearing the same name and being an important contributor to the rapidly increasing use of human pathobiological data to gain mechanistic understanding of disease mechanisms leading to new diagnostic tests and treatments. The recognition that many complex diseases engage multiple causal pathways that may vary from patient to patient, and at different times across the lifecourse, has led to the emergence of stratified or precision medicine in which the right treatment is given to the right patient at the right time and, in doing so, minimise ‘non-responders’ and off-target side effects. Applications of omics technologies, the digitalisation of biology and the applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) are accelerating disease insights at pace with translation of discoveries into new diagnostic tests and treatments. The future of clinical science, as it morphs into translational medicine, is now creating unique possibilities where even the most intractable diseases are now open to being conquered.

ECONOMIC RIGHTS TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OBJECTS, CREATED ON THE BASIS OF RESEARCH AGREEMENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Юлія Осипова
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
The Right

The article deals with the features of the distribution of economic rights between customers of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) and higher educational institutions, as executors of such researches.During the study the author has analyzed general provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine regarding the distribution of rights to the results of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) between the customer and the executor of such researches. In addition, the author has analyzed provisions of special legislation regarding the distribution of economic rights to scientific and scientific-technical (applied) results, which are IPR objects.Based on this analysis, it has been found that the distribution of economic rights to IPR objects, which are the results of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD), at the level of «customer — executor of such researches» will depend on: 1) the type IPR objects that will be created and 2) the sources of fundingof such researches. In relation to such IPR objects as inventions, utility models, industrial designs, copyright, layout designs (topographies) of integrated circuits, plant varieties, animal breeds and performances the following options for distribution of economic rights are possible:1) in case of non-budgetary financing of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) — rights belong jointly to the customer and the higher educational institution-executor of such researches. This may be changed by a contract between the customer and the executor.2) in case of budgetary financing of researches — rights belong to the higher educational institutions-executor of such researches. In addition, the legislator does not provide for the possibility to change the said provision by contractually. At the same time, the customer of such research should be assigned the right to use IPR objects for free.3) in the case of budgetary financing of the researches, while the obtained IPR objects are state secrets or objects obtained under a state defence order — rights belong to the customer of such research. This cannot be changed contractually either;4) in the case of mixed financing (own funds of the higher educational institution and budgetary funds) – rights belong to the party that will be determined contractually by the customer and the executor of the basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD).In the case of a scientific discovery, we can only talk about moral rights, namely – the right of attribution. Thus, the indicated object is outside of the scope of the rules regarding the distribution of economic rights.As to phonograms and videograms, the economic rights to these objects will belong to that party to research agreements that will actually “create” those objects. This can be either the customer or the executor of such researches.As to trade secrets, the economic rights will, as a general rule, belong to both the customer and higher educational institution — the executor of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD). In this case, disposing of these rights will be carried out jointly. This can be changed contractually. Also, suggestions to improve the legislation of Ukraine have been made.  

Why Means MatterLegally Relevant Differences Between Direct and Indirect Interventions into Other Minds

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-88
Author(s):  
Jan Christoph Bublitz
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Other Minds ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
The Brain

Whether there are intrinsic differences between different means to intervene into brains and minds is a key question of neuroethics, which any future legal regulation of mind-interventions has to face. This chapter affirms such differences by a twofold argument:. First, it present differences between direct (biological, physiological) and indirect (psychological) interventions that are not based on crude mind–brain dualisms or dubious properties such as naturalness of interventions. Second, it shows why these differences (should) matter for the law. In a nutshell, this chapter suggests that indirect interventions should be understood as stimuli that persons perceive through their external senses whereas direct interventions reach brains and minds on different, nonperceptual routes. Interventions primarily differ in virtue of their causal pathways. Because of them, persons have different kinds and amounts of control over interventions; direct interventions regularly bypass resistance and control of recipients. Direct interventions also differ from indirect ones because they misappropriate mechanisms of the brain. These differences bear normative relevance in light of the right to mental self-determination, which should be the guiding normative principle with respect to mind-interventions. As a consequence, the law should adopt by and large a normative—not ontological—dualism between interventions into other minds: nonconsensual direct interventions into other minds should be prohibited by law, with few exceptions. By contrast, indirect interventions should be prima facie permissible, primarily those that qualify as exercises of free speech. The chapter also addresses a range of recent objections, especially by Levy (in the previous chapter).

Allies From Within: I-O Practitioners in Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-585
Author(s):  
Meghan Lowery ◽  
Joel Nadler ◽  
Dan J. Putka
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Academic Language ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Organizational Psychology ◽  
Mutual Interest ◽  
Industrial And Organizational Psychology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right

The focal article (Lapierre et al., 2018) highlights many good suggestions but only briefly mentions partnering with an academically trained internal industrial and organizational (I-O) practitioner. We believe beginning a partnership with a similarly trained ally well-versed through training in academic language and through experience in “business speak” will yield a stronger end result. The appreciation for an internal I-O practitioner should not go overlooked; when an academic partners with the right practitioner in the right environment, the partnership can be mutually beneficial and more rewarding than other options. For instance, recently we collaborated to set up a partnership for scientific discovery and mutual interest that involved 12 teams representing 14 different institutions spanning academe and practice to conduct a machine learning competition. This partnership enabled many academics and practitioners access to a complex organizational dataset in order to contribute to both an organization and the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) community (see Putka et al., 2018).

Unilateral Ectasia characterized by Advanced Diagnostic Tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Lopes ◽  
Marcella Q Salomão ◽  
Isaac C Ramos ◽  
Fernando Faria-Correia
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Epithelial Thickness ◽  
Ring Segment ◽  
Intracorneal Ring Segment ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT To describe a case of very asymmetric ectasia successfully treated by femtosecond laser-assisted intracorneal ring segment implantation, in which the diagnosis of unilateral ectasia in the right eye was based on the clinical findings including history, follow-up, and advanced diagnostic data. The patient's history was positive for ocular allergy with moderate- to-intense eye rubbing only in the right eye. The uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/63 in the right eye and 20/32 in the left eye. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 20/40 in the right eye (-1.75-4.00 × 35°) and 20/16 in the left eye (-0.50-0.25 × 115°). After femtosecond laser-assisted intracorneal ring segment implantation, the right eye improved CDVA to 20/20-1. Concerning ectasia/keratoconus diagnosis, the left eye remained stable over 1 year of follow-up with unremarkable topometric, tomographic, and biomechanical findings. Epithelial thickness mapping by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and very-high-frequency digital ultrasound demonstrated epithelial thickness within normal limits in the left eye. Advanced diagnostic methods along with clinical data enable the distinction from unilateral ectasia cases and subclinical (fruste) keratoconus. Literature review is also performed along with case presentation and discussion. How to cite this article Ramos IC, Reinstein DZ, Archer TJ, Gobbe M, Salomão MQ, Lopes B, Luz A, Faria-Correia F, Gatinel D, Belin MW, Ambrósio R Jr. Unilateral Ectasia characterized by Advanced Diagnostic Tests. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2016;5(1):40-51.

Physiology, reductionism, and translational medicine: the right mix

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. L389-L390 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Pitt ◽  
J. W. Christman ◽  
S. J. Gunst ◽  
M. A. Matthay ◽  
T. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Medicine ◽  
The Right

Analysis of direct-to-consumer marketed Chlamydia trachomatis diagnostic tests in Norway

Sexual Health ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Reinton ◽  
Stig Ove Hjelmevoll ◽  
Håkon Håheim ◽  
Kjersti Garstad ◽  
Lisa Therese Mørch-Reiersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Programs ◽  
Pharmacy Chain

Background In 2014, and for the first time in Norway, a pharmacy chain started selling home sampling kits for Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) detection. Direct-to-consumer diagnostic kits for C. trachomatis have been available in Norway from an Internet company since 2005. There has been little assessment of persons who purchase direct-to-consumer diagnostic tests for sexually transmissible infections (STIs) detection and if low-risk populations are being unnecessarily encouraged to buy these tests. Methods: The prevalence of C. trachomatis in customers who purchased home sampling kits from the pharmacy chain and from the commercial Internet Co. were compared to that of patients attending STI clinics and other free primary healthcare services. Prevalences of other STIs in pharmacy and Internet customers were also determined. Results: The prevalence of C. trachomatis among pharmacy customers was 11%, almost identical to the prevalence among Internet customers (12%). In comparison, the prevalence among patients attending STI clinics in Oslo was 7.2%, which is similar to the prevalence among patients who have been tested through primary healthcare services. The prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium was two-fold less than that of C. trachomatis in the STI and primary physician population, and significantly less in the Internet and the pharmacy population. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was not detected in urine samples from pharmacy customers or from Internet customers. Conclusions: Both pharmacy and Internet C. trachomatis home-sampling kits seem to be purchased by the right risk population. Marketing of direct-to-consumer N. gonorrhoeae tests and possibly M. genitalium tests cannot be justified in Norway. Direct-to-consumer diagnostic tests should be actively utilised as part of national programs in preventing the spread of C. trachomatis.

scholarly journals Arrhythmias in Cardiac Sarcoidosis Bench to Bedside

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda E. Rosenfeld ◽  
Mina K. Chung ◽  
Clifford V. Harding ◽  
Paolo Spagnolo ◽  
Johan Grunewald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cardiac Sarcoidosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission

Cardiac sarcoidosis is a component of an often multiorgan granulomatous disease of still uncertain cause. It is being recognized with increasing frequency, mainly as the result of heightened awareness and new diagnostic tests, specifically cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans. The purpose of this case-based review is to highlight the potentially life-saving importance of making the early diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis using these new tools and to provide a framework for the optimal care of patients with this disease. We will review disease mechanisms as currently understood, associated arrhythmias including conduction abnormalities, and atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, guideline-directed diagnostic criteria, screening of patients with extracardiac sarcoidosis, and the use of pacemakers and defibrillators in this setting. Treatment options, including those related to heart failure, and those which may help clarify disease mechanisms are included.

scholarly journals Endoscopic endonasal transcavernous approach for invasive corticotroph pituitary adenoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. V2
Author(s):  
Ming-Ying Lan ◽  
Wei-Hsin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Cavernous Sinus Invasion ◽  
The Right

This is a 37-year-old woman who presented with weight gain, a moon-shaped face, and muscle weakness for 4 months. Cushing’s disease was confirmed after a series of diagnostic tests. MRI demonstrated a pituitary macroadenoma with right cavernous sinus invasion and encasement of the right ICA. An endoscopic endonasal approach was performed, and gross-total resection could be achieved without injury of the cranial nerves. The Cushing’s syndrome improved gradually after the surgery. Histopathology revealed a corticotroph adenoma. In this surgical video, we demonstrate the strategies of tumor resection according to a surgical anatomy-based classification of the cavernous sinus from an endonasal perspective.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/aNXFRdGfjpI.

scholarly journals Research on the Influence of Social Media on Generation Y Consumer Purchase Decisions

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Davidaviciene ◽  
I. Meidute-Kavaliauskiene ◽  
R. Paliulis
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Generation Y ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Electronic Marketing ◽  
The Right

Members from different generations create challenges for marketing specialists due to their unique behaviour specifics and in the context of constant technology development, these challenges become only harder. In the current marketing situation, there is a new challenge – outreach and interest for generation Y consumers. A question arises – which means to apply and which of them would be effective. It is a new field of research both for scientists and marketing practitioners. The article analyses the members of generation Y because in their case there are most prominent scientific discovery inquiries on their behaviour and marketing management decisions. By evaluating that, the aim of the article is to create a model of the influence of social media for generation Y consumer purchase decisions. The need to offer a new model has appeared due to the changes in the current world that are changing the habits and features of the society, constantly improving technologies are changing the lifestyle, values and needs of people. The marketing decisions that were applied before are not presenting the desired results in the current market. Previous research allows identifying the specifics of generation Y, however, due to constantly changing technology environment it is not clearly known how this generation makes the decisions to purchase something. When wishing to find the right way to sell products and services to this generation, it is necessary to understand it and to find ways to communicate with it. When creating social media content and creating added value to the customers, it is vital to understand the complexity of the external and internal factors that determine their choice to buy. To achieve the goal of this article, the theoretical part presents a complex analysis of factors that determine consumer behaviour in social media, applications of generation theory for making marketing decisions; characteristics of generation Y were identified. In this research, marketing factors that influence the consumer’s decision to buy were analysed, their effects and application in the purchase process of generation Y consumers were evaluated. Keywords: electronic marketing, e-marketing, marketing, model, social media, technologies.

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