Immunochemical Studies Of The Reaction Of Human Desarginyl-Fibrinopeptide B (Desarg-Fpb) With Anti-Fpb Sera

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
V P Butler ◽  
D Tse-Eng ◽  
H L Nossel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Carboxypeptidase B ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

Fibrin II formation may be essential in thrombosis. Measurement of free FPB is the only direct index of fibrin II formation but is complicated by the fact that carboxypeptidase B rapidly cleaves the COOH-terminal arginine from FPB in human plasma. To facilitate the assay of Desarg-FPB as an index of in vivo FPB release, the immuno-chemical reactivity of Desarg-FPB with anti-FPB sera has been studied. As previously reported, Desarg-FPB was considerably less effective (0.7-17%) than FPB in inhibiting the binding of an 125I-FPB analog by five of six rabbit antisera studied in detail. Surprisingly, Desarg-FPB was 4 to 27 times.more effective than FPB in inhibiting the binding of an 125I-Desarg-FPB analog by the six anti-FPB sera. For example, in the case of antiserum R-28, FPB was 145 times more effective than Desarg-FPB in inhibiting the binding of the 125I-FPB analog but Desarg-FPB was 27 times more effective than FPB in inhibiting the binding of the 125I-Desarg-FPB analog. These findings indicate that the FPB and Desarg-FPB analogs are bound by different antibody populations. We suggest that carboxypeptidase B converts some molecules of FPB-protein conjugates to Desarg-FPB derivatives during the immunization of rabbits. From a practical point of view, the difference in reactivity of the different antisera has enabled the rational selection of anti-FPB sera for use in the assay of Desarg-FPB and its distinction from FPB. With the use of an appropriate antiserum, Desarg-FPB levels have been measured in clinical blood samples and the sensitivity is such that distinction can be made between levels in normal individuals and in disease states.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

Genotype- and age-associated in vivo cytogenetic alterations following mutagenic exposures in mice

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Singh ◽  
J. F. Toles ◽  
J. Reaume
Keyword(s):  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Sister Chromatid Exchange ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Chromosomal Breakage ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

We studied mice from eight genetic strains at two ages (young, 10 weeks; and old, more than 80 weeks) for cytogenetic alterations (sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronulei, and metaphase indices) following challenges by two known mutagens: N-nitrosoethyl urea (ENU, 17 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (CP, 4.5 mg/kg) on bone marrow cells in vivo. The data were used to evaluate the effect of age, genotype, and differential aging patterns of genotypes in relative susceptibility to chromosomal breakage and instability in otherwise normal individuals. The older animals had a higher frequency of micronuclei, reduced metaphase indices, and lower SCE/cell as compared with their younger counterparts. Treatment with both mutagens significantly increased micronuclei and SCEs/cell in almost all strains at both ages but had little effect on the frequency of cells in metaphase. Among individual differences for SCEs/cell at most treatment combinations were not significant. In general, the induced SCEs (treatment–control) are significantly higher in older animals, variable among strains, and relatively higher as a result of CP than the ENU treatment. When the age effect was evaluated as the difference of SCE/cell in old and SCE/cell in young animals of each genotype–treatment combination, an age-dependent pattern was evident. In the presence of a mutagen the pattern in aging response was highly variable and strain (genotype) dependent. This variability may be viewed as subtle inherent genetic predisposition of sensitivity to mutagens that could be evaluated only using sensitive measures (e.g., SCE and not micronuclei) following more than one mutagenic challenges. These subtle differences coud become pronounced when these parameters are evaluated at different ages on the same genotype. Although these observations suggest that even normal individuals differ in their relative sensitivity to genetic instability, it may not be easy to recognize these differences in simple experimental protocols.Key words: age effect, sister chromatid exchange, mutagenesis, micronuclei.

Quantification of Circulating Activated Protein C in Human Plasma by Immunoassays - Enzyme Levels are Proportional to Total Protein C Levels

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (01) ◽  
pp. 056-061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco España ◽  
Isabel Zuazu ◽  
Vicente Vicente ◽  
Amparo Estellés ◽  
Pascual Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein C ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Circulating Levels

SummaryWe have developed a simple assay that measures the circulating activated protein C (APC) in plasma. The assay requires collection of duplicate blood samples, one in citrate plus heparin and the other in citrate plus inhibitors of the enzyme. In the heparin tube, APC reacts completely and irreversibly with its major plasma inhibitors, protein C inhibitor (PCI) and α1-antitrypsin (α1AT), and the complexes formed are measured by ELISAs. The amount of circulating APC is calculated from the difference between the total amount of complexed APC (sample in citrate plus heparin) and the amount of APC complexed in vivo (sample in citrate plus inhibitor). Over 95% of the APC added to blood collected with heparin was recovered in the assay. The assay can easily be performed in four hours, and had a detection limit of 0.1 ng/ml APC. The mean APC level in 18 protein C heterozygous members from seven kindreds was significantly lower (0.6 ± 0.3 ng/ml) than in 20 healthy controls (1.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml) (p <0.001), whereas the mean level in 10 non-affected members from the kindreds studied was 1.5 ± 0.3 ng/ml. In the group of 12 nonanticoagulated heterozygous protein C-deficient individuals, the three patients with a history of venous thrombosis had a mean APC level significantly lower than the nine asymptomatic members (p <0.01), both subgroups showing similar protein C levels. There was a significant correlation in all groups between the levels of APC and the levels of protein C antigen (r = 0.758, p <0.0001) and activity (r = 0.745, p <0.0001), which means that APC circulating levels are proportional to protein C levels and suggests that the protein C level is the limiting factor in the rate of protein C activation in vivo.

Methodology to detect oxidised phospholipids and their relevance in disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahilanandan Dushianthan ◽  
Anthony Postle
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Phospholipid Species ◽  
Selection Of

Unsaturated membrane phospholipids are susceptible to oxidation, either by reactive oxygen species or enzymatically, to generate a complex mixture of peroxy and hydroxyl species. They can then spontaneously decompose to truncated oxidised phospholipids composed of aldehyde, carboxyl and hydroxyl species of five to nine carbon atoms chain length, many of which exhibit potent biological activities. In addition, aldehydes can form Schiff's base reactions with protein lysines to form oxidised lipid:protein adducts. While a selection of oxidised phospholipids have been characterised in detail by a range of mass spectrometry techniques, including direct infusion and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, there are relatively few reports of comprehensive analyses of oxidised phospholipids in disease states. Oxidised phospholipid species are widely thought to be central to the pathology of many diseases, but there is relatively little direct evidence to confirm this in vivo. This review provides an overview of the various analytical methodologies and then summarises their application to examples of chronic and acute disease, cardiovascular disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome, respectively. It highlights the gaps in information and indicates directions for future research.

Pleasure as a Sign of Efficacy of Mental Activity

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Cabanac ◽  
Chantal Pouliot ◽  
James Everett
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Macintosh Computer ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Cognitive Efficiency ◽  
Sensory Pleasure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mental Tasks

Previous work has shown that sensory pleasure is both the motor and the sign of optimal behaviors aimed at physiological ends. From an evolutionary psychology point of view it may be postulated that mental pleasure evolved from sensory pleasure. Accordingly, the present work tested empirically the hypothesis that pleasure signals efficacious mental activity. In Experiment 1, ten subjects played video-golf on a Macintosh computer. After each hole they were invited to rate their pleasure or displeasure on a magnitude estimation scale. Their ratings of pleasure correlated negatively with the difference par minus performance, i.e., the better the performance the greater the pleasure reported. In Experiments 2 and 3, the pleasure of reading poems was correlated with comprehension, both rated by two groups of subjects, science students and arts students. In the majority of science students pleasure was significantly correlated with comprehension. Only one arts student showed this relationship; this result suggests that the proposed relationship between pleasure and cognitive efficiency is not tautological. Globally, the results support the hypothesis that pleasure is aroused by the same mechanisms, and follows the same laws, in physiological and cognitive mental tasks and also leads to the optimization of performance.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Reliability of a Single β-Thromboglobulin Measurement in a Diabetic Population : Importance of PGE1 in Anticoagulant Mixture

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (02) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Y Scarabin ◽  
L Strain ◽  
C A Ludlam ◽  
J Jones ◽  
E M Kohner
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Population ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vitro Release

SummaryDuring the collection of samples for plasma β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) determination, it is well established that artificially high values can be observed due to in-vitro release. To estimate the reliability of a single β-TG measurement, blood samples were collected simultaneously from both arms on two separate occasions in 56 diabetic patients selected for a clinical trial. From each arm, blood was taken into two tubes containing an anticoagulant mixture with (tube A) and without (tube B) PGE!. The overall mean value of B-TG in tube B was 1.14 times higher than in tube A (p <0.01). The markedly large between-arms variation accounted for the most part of within-subject variation in both tubes and was significantly greater in tube B than in tube A. Based on the difference between B-TG values from both arms, the number of subjects with artifically high B-TG values was significantly higher in tube B than in tube A on each occasion (overall rate: 28% and 14% respectively). Estimate of between-occasions variation showed that B-TG levels were relatively stable for each subject between two occasions in each tube. It is concluded that the use of PGEi decreases falsely high B-TG levels, but a single measurement of B-TG does not provide a reliable estimate of the true B-TG value in vivo.

The Effect of Alimentary Hyperlipemia on Thrombolysis in vivo

1960 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils U. Bang ◽  
Eugene E. Cliffton
Keyword(s):  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Enzyme Therapy ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Fatty Meal ◽  
Complete Dissolution ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

Summary1. The effect of a standard, potent fibrinolytic enzyme therapy has been compared in fasting and lipemic dogs.2. The standard fibrinolytic regimen resulted in the complete dissolution of all clots produced experimentally in the fasting state in 10 dogs.3. Clots formed during alimentary lipemia exhibited a markedly increased resistance to the standard fibrinolytic regimen in 6 dogs.4. An increase in anti plasmin fibrinolytic titer with concomitant decrease in spontaneous fibrinolytic activity was observed in 15 dogs following the administration of a fatty meal. No difference in fibrinolytic activity and APF titer was demonstrable in fasting and lipemic blood samples obtained during fibrinolytic enzyme treatment.5. The possibility of the presence of specific inhibitors against the fibrinolytic enzyme in clots formed during lipemia has been investigated and the evidence to support this theory is discussed.

Tauchnitz for Translators. The Circulation of English-language Literature in Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Outi Paloposki
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Book History ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Book Production ◽  
German Publisher ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Selection Of

The article looks at book production and circulation from the point of view of translators, who, as purchasers and readers of foreign-language books, are an important mediating force in the selection of literature for translation. Taking the German publisher Tauchnitz's series ‘Collection of British Authors’ and its circulation in Finland in the nineteenth and early twentieth century as a case in point, the article argues that the increased availability of English-language books facilitated the acquiring and honing of translators' language skills and gradually diminished the need for indirect translating. Book history and translation studies meet here in an examination of the role of the Collection in Finnish translators' work.

Nitroxyl Modified Tobacco Mosaic Virus as a Metal-Free High-Relaxivity MRI and EPR Active Superoxide Sensor

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madushani Dharmarwardana ◽  
André F. Martins ◽  
Zhuo Chen ◽  
Philip M. Palacios ◽  
Chance M. Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Organic Radical ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Disease States

Superoxide overproduction is known to occur in multiple disease states requiring critical care yet non-invasive detection of superoxide in deep tissue remains a challenge. Herein, we report a metal-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) active contrast agent prepared by “click conjugating” paramagnetic organic radical contrast agents (ORCAs) to the surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). While ORCAs are known to be reduced <i>in vivo</i> to an MRI/EPR silent state, their oxidation is facilitated specifically by reactive oxygen species—in particular superoxide—and are largely unaffected by peroxides and molecular oxygen. Unfortunately, single molecule ORCAs typically offer weak MRI contrast. In contrast, our data confirm that the macromolecular ORCA-TMV conjugates show marked enhancement for <i>T<sub>1</sub></i> contrast at low field (<3.0 T), and <i>T<sub>2</sub></i> contrast at high field (9.4 T). Additionally, we demonstrated that the unique topology of TMV allows for “quenchless fluorescent” bimodal probe for concurrent fluorescence and MRI/EPR imaging, which was made possible by exploiting the unique inner and outer surface of the TMV nanoparticle. <a>Finally, we show TMV-ORCAs do not respond to normal cellular respiration, minimizing the likelihood for background, yet still respond to enzymatically produced superoxide in complicated biological fluids like serum.</a>

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