Retail Structure of Beijing

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1785-1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuguang Wang ◽  
Ken Jones
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Ring Road ◽  
The Third ◽  
Retail Structure

One dynamic and central element in China's urban landscape is its retail structure. Yet, little attention has been given to the burgeoning retail sector in the vast literature that relates to China's economic reforms. Using the latest census of commercial activity in Beijing and recent empirical work undertaken in the city, we analyze Beijing's postreform retail structure and economy. Beijing's retail sector has been greatly diversified in both ownership and format. In addition to the emergence of the numerous family-based retailers, private and joint-stock companies now represent a significant part of the retail enterprises—a strong trend towards a market-oriented economy. The presence of many overseas-invested enterprises shows that the Beijing consumer market has been effectively opened to foreign competition and that the Beijing government has a strong desire to continue this trend. The high concentration of retail facilities in Beijing proper is closely related to the urban form. The relative concentration of full-line department stores within the third ring road suggests that new entrants will be better off if they stay away from the inner city and take peripheral locations outside the third, or even the fourth, ring road, in conjunction with development of the newly planned suburban communities.

Retail Store Service Quality: Insights from Indian Retail

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Duggal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Retail Store ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Retail Operations ◽  
Customer Needs ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Quality Perceptions ◽  
Retail Structure

Services have surpassed other sectors in terms of contributing to the economic growth and enhancing consumers lifestyle. Retail in particular is touching new horizons by being organised and modernized. Retail structure has undergone tremendous transformation. Retail has found a prominent place in consumers life by providing them with enriched experiences. However, the inviting retail sector is not left untouched by the powerful environmental forces. As the modern retail opens up possibilities of profit and expansion, it also carries with it the risks associated with management of complex retail operations and the ever-changing customer needs and demands. Researchers and practitioners have identified service quality as a key to gain competitive superiority and sustain effectively in the marketplace. In this background, the present paper seeks to explore the service quality perceptions across demographics in order to understand the differences among the customer segments and thereby uncover crucial service quality parameters for the retailers to empahsise upon.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques J. Bronfenbrenner ◽  
Charles Korb
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Serial Dilution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Broth Dilution

The experiments reported above confirm the fact that lytic principle is distributed in active solution in a state of indivisible units. This permits its quantitative evaluation by serial dilution, as well as by plating on agar. The latter method, however, often gives readings considerably lower than those obtained by the broth dilution method of titration. By varying the concentration of agar it has been possible to show that the discrepancy is due to adsorption of the lytic agent on agar. When the concentration of the latter is increased from 0.3 per cent to 2.5 per cent the number of plaques of lysis is reduced more than 100 times. At the same time the average size of the plaques also decreases approximately to one-tenth of the original. The size, as well as the number of plaques, has been found to depend also on the condition of the culture employed in titration. Thus, when the culture exposed to the action of lytic agent is composed of young susceptible bacteria, the greater the concentration of bacteria, the smaller the plaques. When the culture is composed partly of young and partly of old susceptible bacteria, both the size and the number of the plaques are diminished with the increase in the relative concentration of old bacteria. On the other hand, presence in the culture of resistant bacteria does not affect either the size or the number of the plaques so long as the relative concentration of susceptible bacteria in the culture is sufficient to allow formation of them. The plaques appearing in the presence of a high concentration of resistant variants in the culture are relatively indistinct owing to overgrowth. Under carefully controlled conditions the size of plaques is found to be determined by the character of the lytic filtrate. Thus in the case of lytic agents which act upon more than one bacterial species the size of the plaques remains constant, irrespective of the bacterial substratum used for the production of the active filtrate.

scholarly journals Simulating the Impact of the Internal Structure of Phytoplankton on the Bulk Particulate Backscattering Ratio using a Two-Layered Spherical Geometry for Cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucile Duforêt-Gaurier ◽  
David Dessailly ◽  
William Moutier ◽  
Hubert Loisel
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Spherical Geometry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Coated Spheres ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phytoplankton Cells

The bulk backscattering ratio ($\tilde{b_{bp}}$) is commonly used as a descriptor of the bulk real refractive index of the particulate assemblage in natural waters. Based on numerical simulations, we analyze the impact of heterogeneity of phytoplankton cells on $\tilde{b_{bp}}$. $\tilde{b_{bp}}$ is modeled considering viruses, heterotrophic bacteria, phytoplankton, detritus, and minerals. Three study cases are defined according to the relative abundance of these different components. Two study cases represent typical situations in open ocean, outside (No-B/No-M) and inside bloom (B/No-M). The third study case is typical of coastal waters with the presence of minerals. Phytoplankton cells are modeled by a two-layered spherical geometry representing a chloroplast surrounding the cytoplasm. The $\tilde{b_{bp}}$ values are higher when heterogeneity is considered because the contribution of coated spheres to backscattering is higher than homogeneous spheres. The impact of heterogeneity is however strongly conditioned by the hyperbolic slope $\xi$ of the particle size distribution. Even if the relative concentration of phytoplankton is small (<1%), $\tilde{b_{bp}}$ increases by about 60% (for $\xi=4.3$ and for the No-B/No-M water body), when the heterogeneity is taken into account, in comparison with a particulate population only composed by homogeneous spheres. As expected, heterogeneity has a much smaller impact (about 5$\%$ for $\xi=4.3$) on $\tilde{b_{bp}}$ when minerals are added.

Algorithm for implementation of the «third decision scheme» of increasing the efficiency of search and synchronization of difficult broadband noise like signals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.I. Snytkin ◽  
T.I. Snytkin
Keyword(s):  
Central Element ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Complex Signals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recurrent Sequences ◽  
Decision Scheme ◽  
Code Structure ◽  
Wideband Signals ◽  
Derivatives Of

The construction of telecommunication networks with a guaranteed level of quality of service involves assessing and ensuring the security of both the networks themselves and information flows from unauthorized access and various kinds of interference, in particular at the 1st (physical) level of the network. In this regard, research in the field of creating recurrent code sequences with improved systemic, correlation, secretive, imitation-resistant properties is constantly relevant. In particular, research in the development and application of derivative nonlinear recurrent sequences, as a central element in the developed theory of the «third decision scheme». Goal of the work is to develop an algorithm for increasing the efficiency of search and synchronization of broadband signals in the form of double derivatives of nonlinear recurrent sequences, which directly uses the features of their code structure, the properties of determinism of their auto- and cross-correlation functions. The results of the research and development of the efficiency of the algorithm for accelerated search and synchronization of broadband complex signals in the form of phase-shift keyed derivatives of nonlinear recurrent sequences, which implements the principles of the «third decision schema» The developed algorithm, based on the use of double derivatives of nonlinear recurrent sequences as wideband signals, can be applied in the construction of promising packet radio networks.

Using GIS to Explore the Retail Structure of Market Towns in Ireland

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Dwan
Keyword(s):  
Retail Sector ◽  
Threshold Analysis ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Market Town ◽  
Store Location ◽  
Retail Demand ◽  
Retail Structure ◽  
Retail Activity ◽  
Market Towns

The paper presents a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based approach to quantifying and comparing retail structures. It explores the retail landscape of the three largest market towns in County Tipperary, Republic of Ireland, namely: Clonmel, Thurles and Nenagh. The context for the study is provided through an overview of recent changes in the Irish retail sector, the dynamic of market towns and the associated challenges inherent in defining retail structure. Using demographic and retail store location data a demand threshold analysis is undertaken on custom-defined catchments for each market town (derived using a Huff Model). The paper highlights that applied GIS approaches can effectively be used to examine retail structure and to benchmark the relative under- or over-penetration of retail activity within a given set of markets. The paper also underlines the limitations inherent in such analysis and the need for high quality longitudinal data on retail demand and supply.

PURIFICATION OF THE GAMMA GLOBULIN CHARACTERISTIC OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1811-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine F. C. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Deae Column

Experiments are described which have led to the standardization of a procedure for the purification of the γc globulin characteristic of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The procedure involves the stepwise elution of three chromatographic fractions from a DEAE column by TRIS–HCl buffers at pH 8.5. The composition of the fractions will vary with the relative concentration of the γc globulin in the CSF applied to the column. From an average CSF pool the first fraction, F1, eluted by 0.002 M TRIS–HCl will usually contain only the γc globulin. The second fraction F2, eluted by 0.02 M TRIS-HCl, will contain a mixture of the γc, γs, and βc globulins. The third fraction F3, eluted by 0.08 M TRIS–HCl, will contain chiefly γs globulin as well as traces of the γc and βc globulins. Most of the γc globulin from pooled CSF may then be obtained in purified form by rechromatographing the F2's from several runs. Almost all of the γc globulin applied will be found in F1. The γs and βc globulins will be eluted in the other two fractions.

scholarly journals Analysis of the cannabinoid content of strains available in the New Jersey Medicinal Marijuana Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Coogan
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
The State ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Single Laboratory

Abstract Background The six licensed operators in the New Jersey Medicinal Marijuana Program submit their strains of cannabis flower to a single laboratory, administered by the state’s Department of Health, for testing. The results of these tests are made available by the State on a web page for patients, allowing a study of the range of cannabinoid profiles available in the program. Methods Reports on cannabinoid concentrations were collected from 245 test reports released by the State lab; the relative quantities of cannabinoids on all strains was evaluated, as well as trends in the strain types being tested. Results The collection of strain profiles available in New Jersey conforms to results of other population studies, revealing three broad classification of strains based on their relative concentration of cannabinoids: the overwhelmingly majority of strains contain only trace (< 1%) CBDA but high THCA concentration; a handful are balanced in CBDA and THCA content; and a very few strains have a high concentration of CBDA and minimal THCA (< 1%). In those strains that contain more than 1% of both THCA and CBDA, those two substances are present in comparable quantities. The concentration of CBGA is higher in those strains that have the highest THCA concentration, though there are strains that have high THCA (> 20%) with CBGA concentrations at the low end of the range (< 0.5%). In the high CBD strains, the concentration of CBGA is positively correlated with CBDA, but the CBGA concentrations are several fold less in CBD-dominant strains than in THC-dominant strains: the highest measured CBGA concentration in a CBD-dominant strain is only at the average value of CBGA concentration in THC-dominant strains. The most-recently tested strains are overwhelmingly of the THC-dominant type. Conclusions Though some high CBD strains are available in the New Jersey medical marijuana program, the vast majority of strains that have been tested are the THC-dominant strains which contain less than 1% CBDA. The data available from the State does not include any information on how well the different strains sell, but it can be inferred from the trend in strain types tested that the demand in the New Jersey medical market is for THC-dominant strains.

Nonmetallic inclusions in rails made of electro-steel alloyed with chromium

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 936-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Umanskii ◽  
A. V. Golovatenko ◽  
A. S. Simachev
Keyword(s):  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Ultrasonic Testing ◽  
Nonmetallic Inclusions ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
High Ductility ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metallic Inclusions ◽  
Significant Concentration

Type, relative concentration and size of most characteristic non-metallic inclusions for the elements of rails (head, web) from electro-steel of E79KhF and E90KhАF grades were determined on the basis of metallographic (with a microscope “OLYMPUS GX-51”) and spectral (using spectrometer “ARL iSpark” method “Spark-DAT”) analyses. It was found that the highest relative concentration of manganese sulfides (MnS) is 30.8 – 43.4 ppm. At the same time, 60 – 100 % of inclusions of this type are of small sizes (less than 4 μm), and it does not allow them to be detected using standard metallographic analysis with 100-fold magnification. The revealed high relative concentration of sulfide inclusions directly correlates with the established positive sulfur liquation in considered rail elements, which is up to 40 %. Despite the high concentration of manganese sulfides, their influence on the quality of rails can be considered not dangerous, taking into account their high ductility during hot deformation and the established prevalence of inclusions of this type with small size (less than 4 μm). Among inclusions of a silicate type, SiO2 inclusions (3.4 – 14.9 ppm) have a significant concentration. All detected inclusions of this type have a size not exceeding 4 μm. It was found that the concentration of complex inclusions containing alumina (Al2O3 – CaO – MgO, Al2O3 – CaO – MgO – CaS, Al2O3 – CaO, Al2O3 – MgO) is insignificant: in total it does not exceed 3.1 ppm and 1.6 ppm for individual types. The concentration of corundum (Al2O3) is also insignificant and does not exceed 0.3 ppm. In this case, alumina inclusions of small size (less than 6 μm) prevail. Due to the low contamination (taking into account the relative concentration and size of inclusions) with non-plastic silicate and alumina non-metallic inclusions, their influence on the quality of the rails was not significant. It is confirmed by the absence of defects detected during ultrasonic testing.

Economics of Criminal Procedure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith N. Hylton
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Error Cost

This chapter reviews the economics of criminal procedure, proceeding through four topics in the literature. First, it reviews the implications of substantive criminal law theories for criminal procedure. The second part discusses the error cost model of criminal procedure, which is the dominant framework and posits that criminal procedure rules are designed to minimize the sum of error and administrative costs. The third part reviews the public choice model of criminal procedure. Under this model, criminal procedure rules are designed largely to regulate rent-seeking activity. The last part of this chapter discusses some of the empirical work on procedure that bears directly on deterrence and welfare effects.

A Study of Position Habits Induced by Reward and “Frustration”

1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Russell ◽  
Robert G. F. Pretty
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Central Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
The Third ◽  
Training Development ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Learning Principles

Predictions from Maier's theory of “frustration”-instigated behaviour have been tested in an experimental situation differing significantly from that in which the theory was propounded yet containing the central element of “frustration”—the insoluble problem. A water discrimination unit was employed in which the performance of rats would be observed during attacks on insoluble problems, position problems or symbol problems. Two groups, each containing ten Wistar albino rats, served as subjects. The research design consisted of the following phases: preliminary training, development of position responses, exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 50 per cent, punishment and exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 100 per cent, punishment. The design differed for the two groups only at the phase in which the position responses were established. During this phase one group was exposed to a position-reward problem and the other to an insoluble problem. Position responses were established as frequently under position-“frustration” (position stereotypes) as under position-reward (position habits) conditions. Position stereotypes were more rigid—more resistant to extinction—than position habits under conditions of 50 per cent, punishment. Position stereotypes were as readily extinguished under 100 per cent, punishment as were position habits under 30 per cent, punishment. The first two observations conform to predictions made from Maier's theory. The third does not. That is to say, not all situations containing the basic elements of “frustration” give rise to stereotyped behaviour patterns which are as rigid or “fixated” as Maier's theory would predict. It is a reasonable hypothesis that the characteristics of stereotyped responses established in certain “frustration” situations may be described adequately in terms of conventional learning principles without the necessity of resorting to a distinction between “goal-motivated” and “frustration-instigated” behaviour.

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