Apparent Depth with Retinal Image Motion of Expansion and Contraction Yoked to Head Movement

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 937-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanao Yajima ◽  
Hiroyasu Ujike ◽  
Keiji Uchikawa
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Relative Expansion ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Self Motion

The two main questions addressed in this study were (a) what effect does yoking the relative expansion and contraction (EC) of retinal images to forward and backward head movements have on the resultant magnitude and stability of perceived depth, and (b) how does this relative EC image motion interact with the depth cues of motion parallax? Relative EC image motion was produced by moving a small CCD camera toward and away from the stimulus, two random-dot surfaces separated in depth, in synchrony with the observers' forward and backward head movements. Observers viewed the stimuli monocularly, on a helmet-mounted display, while moving their heads at various velocities, including zero velocity. The results showed that (a) the magnitude of perceived depth was smaller with smaller head velocities (<10 cm s−1), including the zero-head-velocity condition, than with a larger velocity (10 cm s−1), and (b) perceived depth, when motion parallax and the EC image motion cues were simultaneously presented, is equal to the greater of the two possible perceived depths produced from either of these two cues alone. The results suggested the role of nonvisual information of self-motion on perceiving depth.

Visual selectivity for heading in the macaque ventral intraparietal area

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 2470-2480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Kaminiarz ◽  
Anja Schlack ◽  
Klaus-Peter Hoffmann ◽  
Markus Lappe ◽  
Frank Bremmer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Flow Fields ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Medial Superior Temporal ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Ventral Intraparietal Area ◽  
Self Motion

The patterns of optic flow seen during self-motion can be used to determine the direction of one's own heading. Tracking eye movements which typically occur during everyday life alter this task since they add further retinal image motion and (predictably) distort the retinal flow pattern. Humans employ both visual and nonvisual (extraretinal) information to solve a heading task in such case. Likewise, it has been shown that neurons in the monkey medial superior temporal area (area MST) use both signals during the processing of self-motion information. In this article we report that neurons in the macaque ventral intraparietal area (area VIP) use visual information derived from the distorted flow patterns to encode heading during (simulated) eye movements. We recorded responses of VIP neurons to simple radial flow fields and to distorted flow fields that simulated self-motion plus eye movements. In 59% of the cases, cell responses compensated for the distortion and kept the same heading selectivity irrespective of different simulated eye movements. In addition, response modulations during real compared with simulated eye movements were smaller, being consistent with reafferent signaling involved in the processing of the visual consequences of eye movements in area VIP. We conclude that the motion selectivities found in area VIP, like those in area MST, provide a way to successfully analyze and use flow fields during self-motion and simultaneous tracking movements.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Glossiness Perception by Retinal-Image Motion: Additional Effect of Head-Yoked Motion Parallax

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e54549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Tani ◽  
Keisuke Araki ◽  
Takehiro Nagai ◽  
Kowa Koida ◽  
Shigeki Nakauchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Image ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Retinal Image Motion

Role of Retinal Image Motion in Evoking the McCollough Effect

1973 ◽  
Vol 245 (147) ◽  
pp. 255-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID J. PIGGINS ◽  
PETER K. LEPPMANN
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Image ◽  
Mccollough Effect ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Retinal Image Motion

scholarly journals Glossiness Perception Enhanced by Retinal-Image Motion from Object-Motion and Self-Motion

i-Perception ◽  
10.1068/ic366 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Araki ◽  
Masaya Kato ◽  
Takehiro Nagai ◽  
Kowa Koida ◽  
Shigeki Nakauchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Image ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Self Motion

The Effect of Observer Perspective on the Perceived Velocity of Human Walkers

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Schollerer ◽  
Rudolf Groner
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Apparent Velocity ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Observer Perspective ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Perceived Velocity

The apparent velocity of a filmed person, walking in front of static or moving backgrounds, was estimated in 2 experiments by 18 observers. The camera either followed the walker or remained at the same position (= stabilized vs. mobile observer perspective). A factorial ANOVA was used with the estimate of the walker’s velocity (in km/h) as dependent variable. Based on the number of applicable motion cues and on the role of motion parallax, it was predicted that the mobile observer perspective should lead to a higher estimate of the walker’s velocity. In both experiments, the opposite of this prediction was observed: Stabilized observer perspective produced consistently higher velocity estimates as a main effect and in interaction with the background variables. No velocity increasing effect of motion parallax was found in stabilized observer perspective, presumably because of the ambiguity of motion cues with respect to background distance.

Proprioceptive contribution to distance estimation by motion parallax in a praying mantid

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (9) ◽  
pp. 1483-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Pabst ◽  
K Kral
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Jump Frequency ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Praying Mantid ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Measurement Mechanism

The behavioural experiments described here examined, in the praying mantis Tenodera sinensis, the manner in which the proprioceptive cervical hair plate sensilla are involved in the measurement of the distance to a jump target with the aid of motion parallax actively produced by translatory head motion. Various combinations of surgical deafferentation of the cervical hair plate sensilla had no influence on the linearisation of head motion. However, the measurement of relative and absolute distance and the jump frequency were impaired by these interventions. From the results, it is concluded that the cervical hair plate sensilla are involved in the distance measurement mechanism, probably by allowing the nervous system to compare retinal image motion with head motion. &lt;P&gt;

Motion Parallax, Relative Size, and Benussi Effect

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1320-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard L. Brigner ◽  
James R. Deni
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Apparent Depth

Many observers perceive depth when a configuration of nonconcentric circles is rotated on a disc. While it has been suggested by a number of investigators that motion parallax has a role in generating this phenomenon, the supporting data are equivocal. The current study proposed that the ambiguity regarding the role of motion parallax may have arisen because there are contradictions between relative size cues and motion parallax cues in the configuration of rotating circles. However, with 17 undergraduate observers, apparent depth was no more reliably reported with consistent cues of motion parallax and relative size than when these cues were contradictory.

scholarly journals A simple approach to ignoring irrelevant variables by population decoding based on multisensory neurons

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 1449-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
HyungGoo R. Kim ◽  
Xaq Pitkow ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki ◽  
Gregory C. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Noise ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Optimal Linear ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Heading Estimation ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Self Motion

Sensory input reflects events that occur in the environment, but multiple events may be confounded in sensory signals. For example, under many natural viewing conditions, retinal image motion reflects some combination of self-motion and movement of objects in the world. To estimate one stimulus event and ignore others, the brain can perform marginalization operations, but the neural bases of these operations are poorly understood. Using computational modeling, we examine how multisensory signals may be processed to estimate the direction of self-motion (i.e., heading) and to marginalize out effects of object motion. Multisensory neurons represent heading based on both visual and vestibular inputs and come in two basic types: “congruent” and “opposite” cells. Congruent cells have matched heading tuning for visual and vestibular cues and have been linked to perceptual benefits of cue integration during heading discrimination. Opposite cells have mismatched visual and vestibular heading preferences and are ill-suited for cue integration. We show that decoding a mixed population of congruent and opposite cells substantially reduces errors in heading estimation caused by object motion. In addition, we present a general formulation of an optimal linear decoding scheme that approximates marginalization and can be implemented biologically by simple reinforcement learning mechanisms. We also show that neural response correlations induced by task-irrelevant variables may greatly exceed intrinsic noise correlations. Overall, our findings suggest a general computational strategy by which neurons with mismatched tuning for two different sensory cues may be decoded to perform marginalization operations that dissociate possible causes of sensory inputs.

Surface Discontinuity is Critical in a Moving Observer's Perception of Objects’ Depth Order and Relative Motion from Retinal Image Motion

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1153-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiteru Kitazaki ◽  
Shinsuke Shimojo
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Depth Order ◽  
Velocity Discontinuity ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Surface Discontinuity ◽  
Self Motion

The visual system perceptually decomposes retinal image motion into three basic components that are ecologically significant for the human observer: object depth, object motion, and self motion. Using this conceptual framework, we explored the relationship between them by examining perception of objects’ depth order and relative motion during self motion. We found that the visual system obeyed what we call the parallax-sign constraint, but in different ways depending on whether the retinal image motion contained velocity discontinuity or not. When velocity discontinuity existed (eg in dynamic occlusion, transparent motion), the subject perceptually interpreted image motion as relative motion between surfaces with stable depth order. When velocity discontinuity did not exist, he/she perceived depth-order reversal but no relative motion. The results suggest that the existence of surface discontinuity or of multiple surfaces indexed by velocity discontinuity inhibits the reversal of global depth order.

Retinal and Extraretinal Information in Movement Perception: How to Invert the Filehne Illusion

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander H Wertheim
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Extraretinal Signal ◽  
Retinal Image Motion ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Self Motion

During a pursuit eye movement made in darkness across a small stationary stimulus, the stimulus is perceived as moving in the opposite direction to the eyes. This so-called Filehne illusion is usually explained by assuming that during pursuit eye movements the extraretinal signal (which informs the visual system about eye velocity so that retinal image motion can be interpreted) falls short. A study is reported in which the concept of an extraretinal signal is replaced by the concept of a reference signal, which serves to inform the visual system about the velocity of the retinae in space. Reference signals are evoked in response to eye movements, but also in response to any stimulation that may yield a sensation of self-motion, because during self-motion the retinae also move in space. Optokinetic stimulation should therefore affect reference signal size. To test this prediction the Filehne illusion was investigated with stimuli of different optokinetic potentials. As predicted, with briefly presented stimuli (no optokinetic potential) the usual illusion always occurred. With longer stimulus presentation times the magnitude of the illusion was reduced when the spatial frequency of the stimulus was reduced (increased optokinetic potential). At very low spatial frequencies (strongest optokinetic potential) the illusion was inverted. The significance of the conclusion, that reference signal size increases with increasing optokinetic stimulus potential, is discussed. It appears to explain many visual illusions, such as the movement aftereffect and center–surround induced motion, and it may bridge the gap between direct Gibsonian and indirect inferential theories of motion perception.

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