Australian Soil Classification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Isbell ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
National Committee ◽  
New Order ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Land Survey ◽  
Australian Soil ◽  
Main Change

The Australian Soil Classification provides a framework for organising knowledge about Australian soils by allocating soils to classes via a key. Since its publication in 1996, this book has been widely adopted and formally endorsed as the official national system. It has provided a means of communication among scientists and land managers and has proven to be of particular value in land resource survey and research programs, environmental studies and education. Classification is a basic requirement of all science and needs to be periodically revised as knowledge increases. This third edition of The Australian Soil Classification includes updates from a working group of the National Committee on Soil and Terrain (NCST). The main change in this edition accommodates new knowledge and understanding of the significance, nature, distribution and refined testing for soils comprising deep sands, leading to the inclusion of a new Order, the Arenosols. The introduction of the Arenosols Order led to a review and changes to Calcarosols, Tenosols and Rudosols. The Australian Soil Classification is Volume 4 in the Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbooks Series.

Australian Soil Classification

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Isbell ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
National System ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Sulfate Soils ◽  
Australian Soil

The Australian Soil Classification provides a framework for organising knowledge about Australian soils by allocating soils to classes via a key. Since its publication in 1996, this book has been widely adopted and formally endorsed as the official national system. It has provided a means of communication among scientists and land managers and has proven to be of particular value in land resource survey and research programs, environmental studies and education. Classification is a basic requirement of all science and needs to be periodically revised as knowledge increases. This Second Edition of The Australian Soil Classification includes updates from a working group of the National Committee on Soil and Terrain (NCST), especially in regards to new knowledge about acid sulfate soils (sulfidic materials). Modifications include expanding the classification to incorporate different kinds of sulfidic materials, the introduction of subaqueous soils as well as new Vertosol subgroups, new Hydrosol family criteria and the consistent use of the term reticulate. All soil orders except for Ferrosols and Sodosols are affected by the changes.

Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Federal State ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Land Survey ◽  
Uniform Manner ◽  
Australian Soil

The Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook specifies methods and terminology for soil and land surveys. It has been widely used throughout Australia, providing one reference set of definitions for the characterisation of landform, vegetation, land surface, soil and substrate. The book advocates that a comprehensive suite of land and soil attributes be recorded in a uniform manner. This approach is more useful than the allocation of land or soil to preconceived types or classes. The third edition includes revised chapters on location and vegetation as well as some new landform elements. These updates have been guided by the National Committee on Soil and Terrain, a steering committee comprising representatives from key federal, state and territory land resource assessment agencies. Essential reading for all professionals involved in land resource surveys, this book will also be of value to students and educators in soil science, geography, ecology, agriculture, forestry, resource management, planning, landscape architecture and engineering.

Australian Soil Classification

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Isbell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Studies ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Australian Soil ◽  
Nation System

The Australian Soil Classification provides a framework for organising knowledge about Australian soils. It provides a means of communication among scientists and land managers. It is useful for those involved in environmental studies and for teachers of soil science. Since its publication in 1996, the Australian Soil Classification has been widely adopted and formally endorsed as the official nation system. It has proven to be of particular value in land resource survey and research programs. This revised edition includes some significant changes to the Tenosol soil order and these will substantially improve the utility of the system in southern and western parts of the continent.

scholarly journals MP011: Using GRADE-based recommendations for analgesia and antiemetics in electronic order sets to influence physician behaviour towards best practice and cost-savings

CJEM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S69-S70
Author(s):  
R.J. Hartmann ◽  
E. Lang ◽  
T. Rich ◽  
B. Ford ◽  
K. Lonergan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
New Order ◽  
Order Entry ◽  
Physician Behaviour ◽  
Order Sets ◽  
Electronic Order ◽  
Order Set

Introduction: The addition of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) to Emergency Departments in recent years has led to speculation over potential benefits and pitfalls. Recent studies have shown benefits to CPOE, though there lacks sufficient evidence on how it could change physician behaviour. Physician practices are known to be difficult to change, with getting evidence into daily practice being the main challenge of knowledge translation. Our study aims were to determine if well-designed electronic order sets for CPOE improved MD practices. Methods: The Calgary Zone Pain Management in the Emergency Department Working Group relied on a GRADE-based literature review for identifying best practices for analgesia and antiemetics, resulting in soft changes to the dedicated analgesia and antiemetic electronic order set noting working group preference, and emphasizing hydromorphone over morphine, as well as 4 mg ondansetron over 8 mg. The new electronic order set was started in the only Calgary Region order entry system on December 11th, 2014. Data was collected from July 2014 - May 2015. A Yates chi-squared analysis was completed on all orders in a category, as well as the subgroups of ED staff and residents, and orders placed using the new order set. Results: A total of 100460 orders were analyzed. The use of hydromorphone increased significantly across all 4 EDs. IV hydromorphone use increased (5.82% of all opioid orders up to 26.93%, P<0.0001) with a reciprocal decline in IV morphine (67.81% of all opioid orders down to 46.56%, P<0.0001). Similar effects were observed with ondansetron 4 mg IV orders increasing (1.37% of all ondansetron orders to 18.64%, P<0.0001) with a decrease in 8 mg dosing (15.75% of all ondansetron orders to 7.23%, P<0.0001). These results were replicated to a lesser degree in the non-ED staff and non-order set subgroups. Implementation of the new order set resulted in an increase of its use (37.64% of all opioid orders up to 49.29%, P<0.0001). Finally, a cost-savings analysis was completed showing a projected annual savings of $185,676.52 on medications alone. Conclusion: This data supports the manipulation of electronic order sets to help shape physician behaviour towards best practices. This provides another strong argument towards the benefits of CPOE, and can help maintain best practices in Emergency Medicine.

A multivariate method for matching soil classification systems, with an Australian example

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
H. F. Teng ◽  
R. A. Viscarra Rossel ◽  
R. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Soil Units ◽  
International Systems ◽  
Australian Soil

Differences between local systems of soil classification hinder the communication between pedologists from different countries. The FAO–UNESCO Soil Map of the World, as a fruit of world-wide collaboration between innumerable soil scientists, is recognised internationally. Ideally, pedologists should be able to match whole classes in their local systems to those in an international soil classification system. The Australian Soil Classification (ASC) system, created specifically for Australian soil, is widely used in Australia, and Australian pedologists wish to translate the orders they recognise into the FAO soil units when writing for readers elsewhere. We explored the feasibility of matching soil orders in the ASC to units in the FAO legend using a multivariate analysis. Twenty soil properties, variates, of 4927 profiles were estimated from their visible–near infrared reflectance (vis–NIR) spectra. We arranged the profiles in a Euclidean 20-dimensional orthogonal vector space defined by standardised variates. Class centroids were computed in that space, and the Euclidean distances between the centroids of the ASC orders and units in the FAO scheme were also computed. The shortest distance between a centroid of any ASC order and one of units in the FAO classification was treated as a best match. With only one exception the best matches were those that an experienced pedologist might expect. Second and third nearest neighbours in the vector space provided additional insight. We conclude that vis–NIR spectra represent sufficiently well the essential characters of the soil and so spectra could form the basis for the development of a universal soil classification system. In our case, we could assign with confidence the orders of the ASC to the units of the FAO scheme. A similar approach could be applied to link other national classification systems to one or other international systems of soil classification.

Universal Soil Classification System Report from the International Union of Soil Sciences Working Group

Soil Horizons ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hempel ◽  
Erika Micheli ◽  
Phillip Owens ◽  
Alex McBratney
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
International Union ◽  
Soil Sciences

Guidelines for Surveying Soil and Land Resources

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ McKenzie ◽  
MJ Grundy ◽  
R Webster ◽  
AJ Ringrose-Voase
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Terrain Analysis ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Digital Terrain Analysis ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Land Survey

Guidelines for Surveying Soil and Land Resources promotes the development and implementation of consistent methods and standards for conducting soil and land resource surveys in Australia. These surveys are primarily field operations that aim to identify, describe, map and evaluate the various kinds of soil or land resources in specific areas. The advent of geographic information systems, global positioning systems, airborne gamma radiometric remote sensing, digital terrain analysis, simulation modelling, efficient statistical analysis and internet-based delivery of information has dramatically changed the scene in the past two decades. As successor to the Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook: Guidelines for Conducting Surveys, this authoritative guide incorporates these new methods and techniques for supporting natural resource management. Soil and land resource surveyors, engineering and environmental consultants, commissioners of surveys and funding agencies will benefit from the practical information provided on how best to use the new technologies that have been developed, as will professionals in the spatial sciences such as geomorphology, ecology and hydrology.

Assessing the Australian Soil Classification using cladistic analysis

Soil Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P. L. Miltenyi ◽  
Malte C. Ebach ◽  
John Triantafilis
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Australian Soil ◽  
Made In

The Australian Soil Classification (ASC) has its roots in both the Handbook of Australian Soils and the Factual Key. The scheme’s use of mutually exclusive characteristics has led to Soil Orders containing a diverse range of soils, such as the Dermosols. The extent of these groupings has resulted in classes of soils sharing greater relationships with soils from other classes than they do with soils in the same class. Situations such as this arise from artificial classifications and highlight the need for natural classifications. Natural classifications accurately represent what is occurring in nature and are desirable because they represent evidence of a common history, process or mechanism. This study uses cladistics, a robust biological method that uncovers natural classifications, to assess the naturalness of the ASC. The analysis has the secondary aims of identifying natural soil orders and establishing which characters and tiers require revision. Two measures commonly used in cladistics, consistency index (CI) and retention index (RI), are used along with confidence levels generated by bootstrapping. The cladistic analysis undertaken consisted of coding 113 morphological and non-morphological characters used to identify 13 of the 14 Soil Orders in ASC into binary and multi-state matrices and analysis using a parsimony cladistic algorithm. The results suggest that, because of its low CI (0.196), the ASC is not a natural classification. However, certain Soil Orders of Organosols, Podosls and Vertosols, which all registered high CI, are natural. The analysis also indicated which soil morphological characters and Soil Orders require revision in order to make the ASC more natural, namely, soil colour and characters located in the Great Groups as well as Soil Orders such as Chromosols, Ferrosols and Dermosols. We conclude that cladistics offers a new avenue in discerning relationships between soils and in assessing the accuracy of, and identifying where improvements can be made in, the classifications used to identify them.

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