Development of the Stomatal Complexes During Ontogeny in Eucalyptus and Angophora (Myrtaceae)

The mode of stomatal development is studied in cotyledons, seedling and adult leaves of species of eucalypts and three species of Angophora. In the cotyledons of all species examined the early stomatal initials are unilabrate or dolabrate. The stomatal initials in seedling leaves of species of the Corymbosae and Clavigerae are anisocytic. In the 4th seedling leaf in species of a group we have previously called Monocalyptus the stomatal initials are also anisocytic. All other eucalypts retain the early cotyledonary mode of origin of stomata throughout life. These two modes of origin, whether anisocytic or by unilabrate and dolabrate initials, are set in all eucalypts from the 4th seedling leaf onward. Secondary characteristics of the adult stomata, e.g. number of subsidiary cells, are more complex than those of the seedling leaves; rarely, the relatively simple pattern of the seedling leaves may persist in the adult leaves of a given species. In species in which the initials in adult leaves are unilabrate or dolabrate, groups of stomata may share one or more subsidiary cells or be juxtaposed without an intervening subsidiary cell. The sister cell(s) of the guard mother cell may precociously develop a thicker cuticle than ordinary epidermal cells, and this may be apparent at maturity. The abaxial stomata of the cotyledons (but not of seedling or adult leaves) are regularly aligned parallel to the main venation. The existence of three main types of origin of stomata characteristic of three large non-interbreeding groups of eucalypts is of interest in the taxonomy of the genus.

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Stomatal ontogeny of the vegetative and floral organs of some Papilionaceae

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9690081 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 81 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

GL Shah ◽

BV Gopal

Keyword(s):

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Subsidiary Cell ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Floral Organs ◽

Leaf Petiole ◽

Different Types ◽

Anomocytic Stomata ◽

Subsidiary Cells ◽

Stomatal Ontogeny

The structure and development of stomata on the vegetative and floral organs of Vigna unguiculata Walp., and the vegetative organs of Phaseolus radiatus L. and P. aconitifolius Jacq. are described. Paracytic, anisocytic, and anomocytic stomata are present on the same surface of different organs of the plants investigated except on the stem and petiole of V. unguiculata, the bract of P. radiatus, and the petiole, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius where the last type is absent. Stomata with only one subsidiary cell are found on the leaf, petiole, sepal, and petal of V. unguiculata. Diacytic stomata occur on the stipel of P. radiatus and the stem, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius. Paracytic stomata are by far the commonest on each organ. The frequency of different types of stomata on different organs in the plants investigated is tabulated. The ontogeny of different kinds of stomata on each organ is mesogenous, but the perigenous type may be found on the petal and pericarp of V. unguiculata and the stipule of P. radiatus. The variation in stomata is due to: (a) a diversity in stomatal types even on the same surface, and (b) an increase in the number of subsidiary cells. The subsidiary cells divide, or additional subsidiary cells are derived from adjacent epidermal cells. The present study also supports the inclusion of the species concerned in the tribe Phaseolae.

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Cell Division in the Formation of the Stomatal Complex of the Young Leaves of Wheat

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.1.1.121 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 121-128

Author(s):

J. D. PICKETT-HEAPS ◽

D. H. NORTHCOTE

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Mother Cell ◽

Cell Plate ◽

Stomatal Complex ◽

Guard Mother Cell ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Subsidiary Cells ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Characteristic Manner

During the formation of stomata in the young leaves of wheat the cells divide in a characteristic manner; two of the cell divisions are asymmetrical and produce cells of unequal sizes. A study of the fine structure of the cells during mitosis has shown that a band of microtubules appears at each preprophase stage. This band, although it is not present in the subsequent stages of mitosis, indicates the location on the wall of the mother cell where the cell plate will join it at the final division of the cytoplasm at telophase. Thus the future plane of cell division is indicated by these microtubules at preprophase. Microtubules are also found at the growing edge of the cell plate and appear to function in directing the vesicles which are brought up to extend the plate. The cell plate which is formed to cut off the subsidiary cells on either side of the guard mother cell is curved, and the microtubules present in conjunction with this plate during its formation could function to align and hold it on the required position. The relationship of the guard mother cell to the divisions of the adjacent epidermal cells which form the subsidiary cells is discussed, and related to general problems of growth and differentiation.

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Epidermal patterning and stomatal development in Gnetales

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/aob/mcz053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 124 (1) ◽

pp. 149-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paula J Rudall ◽

Callie L Rice

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Seed Plants ◽

Arid Environments ◽

Stomatal Development ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Representative Species ◽

Guard Mother Cell ◽

Subsidiary Cells ◽

Phylogenetic Affinities

Abstract Background and Aims The gymnosperm order Gnetales, which has contentious phylogenetic affinities, includes three extant genera (Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia) that are morphologically highly divergent and have contrasting ecological preferences: Gnetum occupies mesic tropical habitats, whereas Ephedra and Welwitschia occur in arid environments. Leaves are highly reduced in Ephedra, petiolate with a broad lamina in Gnetum and persistent and strap-like in Welwitschia. We investigate stomatal development and prepatterning stages in Gnetales, to evaluate the substantial differences among the three genera and compare them with other seed plants. Methods Photosynthetic organs of representative species were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Key Results Stomata of all three genera possess lateral subsidiary cells (LSCs). LSCs of Ephedra are perigene cells derived from cell files adjacent to the stomatal meristemoids. In contrast, LSCs of Gnetum and Welwitschia are mesogene cells derived from the stomatal meristemoids; each meristemoid undergoes two mitoses to form a ‘developmental triad’, of which the central cell is the guard mother cell and the lateral pair are LSCs. Epidermal prepatterning in Gnetum undergoes a ‘quartet’ phase, in contrast with the linear development of Welwitschia. Quartet prepatterning in Gnetum resembles that of some angiosperms but they differ in later development. Conclusions Several factors underpin the profound and heritable differences observed among the three genera of Gnetales. Stomatal development in Ephedra differs significantly from that of Gnetum and Welwitschia, more closely resembling that of other extant gymnosperms. Differences in epidermal prepatterning broadly reflect differences in growth habit between the three genera.

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Pre Prophase Microtubules and Stomatal Differentiation in Commelina Cy Anea

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9690375 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 375 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

JD Pickett-Heaps

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Mother Cell ◽

Preprophase Band ◽

Stomatal Development ◽

Cell Organelles ◽

Stomatal Complex ◽

Guard Mother Cell ◽

The Relationship ◽

Asymmetrical Cell Division

The relationship between preprophase microtubules and asymmetrical cell division in the formation of the stomatal complex of C. cyanea was investigated. Polarization of nuclei and other cell organelles adjacent to the guard mother cell occurred in most cases without a preprophase band of microtubules being present; the grouping of preprophase microtubules appeared immediately prior to cell division, and its situation, even during abnormal stomatal development, predicted the plane of future division. The results show that preprophase microtubules cannot be the cytoplasmic agents involved in orienting and positioning the nucleus prior to division. Clear evidence was obtained indicating that preprophase microtubules move intact into the spindle. Some aspects of abnormal stomatal development are discussed, and the results are related to some other work on stomatal differentiation.

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Fossil flowers and leaves of the Ebenaceae from the Eocene of southern Australia

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b85-258 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 63 (10) ◽

pp. 1825-1843 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

James F. Basinger ◽

David C. Christophel

Keyword(s):

Guard Cells ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Fossil Leaves ◽

Extant Species ◽

Late Tertiary ◽

The Family ◽

Fossil Flowers ◽

Subsidiary Cells ◽

Clay Lenses ◽

Coal Measures

Numerous flowers and a diverse assemblage of leaves are mummified in clay lenses in the base of the Demons Bluff Formation overlying the Eastern View Coal Measures. Fossil localities occur in the Alcoa of Australia open cut near Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. Flowers are tubular, less than 10 mm long, and about 5 mm wide. Four sepals are connate forming a cup-shaped calyx. Four petals are fused in their basal third and alternate with sepals. Flowers are all unisexual and staminate. Stamens are epipetalous and consistently 16 in number, arranged in 8 radial pairs. Pollen is subprolate, tricolporate, and about 32 μm in diameter. The exine is smooth to slightly scabrate. A rudimentary ovary occurs in some flowers. Sepals usually have a somewhat textureless abaxial cuticle with actinocytic stomata. Some sepals, however, have frill-like cuticular thickenings over some abaxial epidermal cells and some subsidiary cells with pronounced papillae overarching guard cells. One of the more common leaf types found associated with the flowers is characterized by the same peculiar cuticular thickenings and overarching papillae on subsidiary cells that occur on sepals. This cuticular similarity indicates that flowers and leaves represent a single taxon. Leaves are highly variable in size and shape but are consistently entire margined, with pinnate, brochidodromous venation. The suite of features characterizing the flowers is unique to the Ebenaceae. Flowers of many extant species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) closely resemble the fossil flowers. Fossil leaves, too, are typical of leaves of extant Diospyros. Both flowers and leaves are considered conspecific and have been assigned the name Austrodiospyros cryptostoma gen. et sp. nov. The Anglesea fossils represent one of the earliest well-documented occurrences of the Ebenaceae and are the earliest known remains of Ebenaceae from Australia. They support the hypothesis of a Gondwanan origin for the family with late Tertiary diversification in the Malesian region.

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A survey of stomatal movements and associated potassium fluxes in the plant kingdom

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b73-006 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

C. M. Willmer ◽

J. E. Pallas Jr.

Keyword(s):

Epidermal Cells ◽

Evolutionary Development ◽

Grass Species ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Evolutionary Level ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Subsidiary Cells ◽

Stomatal Movements ◽

Storage Cells

Histochemical tests for K+ were carried out on the epidermis of aerial organs from plants which varied in evolutionary development (e.g., clubmosses, ferns, angiosperms) and general morphology (e.g., monocotyledons, succulent dicotyledons, woody dicotyledons). These tests made on epidermal tissue with open or closed stomata suggested that K+ transport is implicated in stomatal movements regardless of the evolutionary level and the stomatal location in the plants investigated. In all species that displayed substantial stomatal opening, K+ was detectable in the guard cells. With small stomatal apertures, K+ was located in guard and subsidiary cells of Commelina communis L. leaves and Glycine max. L. cotyledons. When stomata were closed, K+ was detectable in the subsidiary cells of all the grass species, Kalanchoë pinnata Pers., C. communis, and, occasionally, in the epidermal cells surrounding the stomata of some ferns. A condition was also observed when virtually no K+ was detectable in the guard or subsidiary cells of C. communis leaves or G. max cotyledons. Commonly, when stomata were closed, K+ was not detectable in any cells of the epidermis. Exceptions were the "K+ storage cells," trichomes and epidermal cells of Arachis hypogaea L., and in the more primitive plants from and including the level of the ferns.

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Auxin as an inducer of asymmetrical division generating the subsidiary cells in stomatal complexes ofZea mays

Plant Signaling & Behavior ◽

10.4161/15592324.2014.984531 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. e984531 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Pantelis Livanos ◽

Eleni Giannoutsou ◽

Panagiotis Apostolakos ◽

Basil Galatis

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Complexes ◽

Asymmetrical Division ◽

Subsidiary Cells

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Rice Stomatal Mega-Papillae Restrict Water Loss and Pathogen Entry

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.677839 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Mutiara K. Pitaloka ◽

Emily L. Harrison ◽

Christopher Hepworth ◽

Samart Wanchana ◽

Theerayut Toojinda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Loss ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Subsidiary Cell ◽

Hybrid Population ◽

Normal Number ◽

Stomatal Complexes ◽

Pathogen Entry ◽

Photosynthetic Assimilation ◽

Partially Occluded

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a water-intensive crop, and like other plants uses stomata to balance CO2 uptake with water-loss. To identify agronomic traits related to rice stomatal complexes, an anatomical screen of 64 Thai and 100 global rice cultivars was undertaken. Epidermal outgrowths called papillae were identified on the stomatal subsidiary cells of all cultivars. These were also detected on eight other species of the Oryza genus but not on the stomata of any other plant species we surveyed. Our rice screen identified two cultivars that had “mega-papillae” that were so large or abundant that their stomatal pores were partially occluded; Kalubala Vee had extra-large papillae, and Dharia had approximately twice the normal number of papillae. These were most accentuated on the flag leaves, but mega-papillae were also detectable on earlier forming leaves. Energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry revealed that silicon is the major component of stomatal papillae. We studied the potential function(s) of mega-papillae by assessing gas exchange and pathogen infection rates. Under saturating light conditions, mega-papillae bearing cultivars had reduced stomatal conductance and their stomata were slower to close and re-open, but photosynthetic assimilation was not significantly affected. Assessment of an F3 hybrid population treated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola indicated that subsidiary cell mega-papillae may aid in preventing bacterial leaf streak infection. Our results highlight stomatal mega-papillae as a novel rice trait that influences gas exchange, stomatal dynamics, and defense against stomatal pathogens which we propose could benefit the performance of future rice crops.

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Micromorphology of glandular structures in Echium vulgare L. flowers

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2008.030 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 25-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽

Mirosława Chwil

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Guard Cells ◽

Epidermal Cells ◽

Lower Region ◽

Small Column ◽

Anomocytic Stomata ◽

Cuticular Ornamentation ◽

Glandular Cells ◽

Subsidiary Cells ◽

Glandular Structures

The micromorphology of selected elements of <i>Echium vulgare</i> L. flowers was investigated, with special attention to the structure of the nectaries and the stigma of the pistil as well as types of trichomes occurring on the surface of the calyx. The nectary had the shape of an uneven disc located around the lower region of the four-parted ovary of the pistil. The glandular cells formed a tier with a height of 330 μm and a radial width of 144 μm. Nectar was secreted onto the nectary surface through anomocytic stomata located at the level of other epidermal cells. Most of the stomata were open, with a different dimension of the pore. Their largest number was observed at the base of the nectary, and 462 stomata were noted on the whole surface of the nectary. The cuticle on the surface of the guard cells formed fine, circular striae. The subsidiary cells formed striated cuticular ornamentation, with the striae arranged radially in the direction of the stoma, whereas on the surface of other epidermal cells the striae formed an arrangement with different directions. The epidermis on the surface of the stigma formed regularly arranged papillae with a fan-shaped, expanded upper part which had corrugated outer walls, whereas the base of the cell formed a widened small column. The epidermis of the abaxial part of the calyx was covered by numerous non-glandular trichomes of different length which were made up of one or several cells. The glandular trichomes in the epidermis of the calyx grew with smaller density compared to the protective trichomes, and they were composed of a 1-2-celled stalk and a glandular head.

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