scholarly journals Health benefits of decreases in on-road transportation emissions in the United States from 2008 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (51) ◽  
pp. e2107402118
Author(s):  
Ernani F. Choma ◽  
John S. Evans ◽  
José A. Gómez-Ibáñez ◽  
Qian Di ◽  
Joel D. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Air Pollution Regulation

Decades of air pollution regulation have yielded enormous benefits in the United States, but vehicle emissions remain a climate and public health issue. Studies have quantified the vehicle-related fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-attributable mortality but lack the combination of proper counterfactual scenarios, latest epidemiological evidence, and detailed spatial resolution; all needed to assess the benefits of recent emission reductions. We use this combination to assess PM2.5-attributable health benefits and also assess the climate benefits of on-road emission reductions between 2008 and 2017. We estimate total benefits of $270 (190 to 480) billion in 2017. Vehicle-related PM2.5-attributable deaths decreased from 27,700 in 2008 to 19,800 in 2017; however, had per-mile emission factors remained at 2008 levels, 48,200 deaths would have occurred in 2017. The 74% increase from 27,700 to 48,200 PM2.5-attributable deaths with the same emission factors is due to lower baseline PM2.5 concentrations (+26%), more vehicle miles and fleet composition changes (+22%), higher baseline mortality (+13%), and interactions among these (+12%). Climate benefits were small (3 to 19% of the total). The percent reductions in emissions and PM2.5-attributable deaths were similar despite an opportunity to achieve disproportionately large health benefits by reducing high-impact emissions of passenger light-duty vehicles in urban areas. Increasingly large vehicles and an aging population, increasing mortality, suggest large health benefits in urban areas require more stringent policies. Local policies can be effective because high-impact primary PM2.5 and NH3 emissions disperse little outside metropolitan areas. Complementary national-level policies for NOx are merited because of its substantial impacts—with little spatial variability—and dispersion across states and metropolitan areas.

The effects of population and housing density in urban areas on income in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Daniel Hummel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
Urbanization Economies ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Cities in the United States have become increasingly less dense either from sprawl from rapid development or vacancy due to decline. The benefits and costs of urban density have been a topic of research since the mid-20th century. The effect of urban density on incomes is one of these areas of research. Based on concepts rooted in urbanization economies and social output, it is assumed in this paper that an increase in urban density increases incomes. Urban density is defined as population and housing density. It was found using a cross-sectional lagged mediated multiple regression that population and housing density have statistically significant indirect effects on income in a sample of more than 300 metropolitan areas in the United States. The significant effects of these variables on employment and the effect of employment on income mediated these effects.

Locating neighbourhood diversity in the American metropolis

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Walker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Low Diversity

Racial and ethnic diversity in the United States is on the rise, as the country is projected to no longer have a racial majority by the mid-2040s. Much of this diversity is found in the United States’ large metropolitan areas, where it manifests itself unevenly. While some metropolitan neighbourhoods are growing highly diverse, others remain segregated by race and ethnicity. This paper introduces a framework for exploring the geography of neighbourhood diversity in US metropolitan areas, and defines the diversity gradient, a visual representation of how diversity varies with distance from the urban core. Analysis of the geography of metropolitan diversity from 1990 to 2010 reveals that the greatest increases in diversity are found in the suburbs and outlying areas, where diversity now peaks in many large metropolitan areas. Additional spatial analyses of neighbourhood diversity in Chicago and Dallas-Fort Worth show that clustering of highly diverse neighbourhoods has shifted to the suburbs from close-in urban areas, where many segregated and low-diversity neighbourhoods persist.

scholarly journals Monetized health benefits attributable to mobile source emission reductions across the United States in 2025

2019 ◽  
Vol 650 ◽  
pp. 2490-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wolfe ◽  
Kenneth Davidson ◽  
Charles Fulcher ◽  
Neal Fann ◽  
Margaret Zawacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mobile Source ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Source Emission

scholarly journals URBAN SPRAWL IN MALAYSIA: EVIDENCES FROM THREE LARGEST METROPOLITAN AREAS

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Mohd. Zulhafidz Yahaya ◽  
Mohd Zuwairi Yunus ◽  
Mohd Shakir Md Ali Safudin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Urban sprawl is a one of the most pressing issues confronting urban development in the developed as well as developing countries. Much research had been done on the trend of urban sprawl and its negative consequences in established cities in the United States, Europe and Australia. This paper analyzes the phenomenon in the three largest metropolitan areas in Malaysia, namely Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bharu Metropolitan Areas. Using population and land use as main variables, it argues that suburban expansion and the resulting urban sprawl has been occurring in these metropolitan areas since 1970 and has intensified since the late 1980s due to the rapid economic growth brought by industrialization. It calls for more sustainable approach in the planning and management of urban areas in Malaysia.

scholarly journals URBAN SPRAWL IN MALAYSIA: EVIDENCES FROM THREE LARGEST METROPOLITAN AREAS

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Mohd. Zulhafidz Yahaya ◽  
Mohd Zuwairi Yunus ◽  
Mohd Shakir Md Ali Safudin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Urban sprawl is a one of the most pressing issues confronting urban development in the developed as well as developing countries. Much research had been done on the trend of urban sprawl and its negative consequences in established cities in the United States, Europe and Australia. This paper analyzes the phenomenon in the three largest metropolitan areas in Malaysia, namely Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bharu Metropolitan Areas. Using population and land use as main variables, it argues that suburban expansion and the resulting urban sprawl has been occurring in these metropolitan areas since 1970 and has intensified since the late 1980s due to the rapid economic growth brought by industrialization. It calls for more sustainable approach in the planning and management of urban areas in Malaysia.

scholarly journals “Superstar Cities” & the Generation of Durable Inequality

Daedalus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Le Galès ◽  
Paul Pierson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Collective Action Problems

The striking economic agglomerations emerging in affluent democracies are generating, reproducing, and expanding inequalities. A major mechanism for this is housing, which is both a repository for wealth and, under these conditions, a magnifier of wealth. Access to urban areas – the site of educational, labor, and marriage market advantages – is contingent upon access to housing. We use comparative analysis of cases in Europe (London and Paris) and the United States (New York and San Francisco) to consider the capacities of different societies to limit or ameliorate these new sources of diverging opportunity. These seemingly local issues remain shaped by distinct national political contexts, which vary dramatically in their capacity to support local affordable housing and reduce the collective action problems confronting major metropolitan areas.

Local Government, Suburban Segregation and Litigation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatial Morphology

A major characteristic of the social and spatial morphology of urban areas in advanced capitalist societies is the residential segregation of different socioeconomic, life style, and ethnic groups. The basic rationale for this segregation is common to most societies, as is its production via the operation of housing markets. In addition, however, each country has its own particular characteristics which accentuate the general processes. One such characteristic in the United States is the nature of the local government system in most States.The aim of this paper is to identify die main features of that system as they apply to the geography of residential separation. The discussion is set within die context of the general processes of American local government and indicates how these have encouraged segregation. The paper then turns to a discussion of the use of the courts and die Fourteendi Amendment to challenge the amalgam of housing market and local government processes, and evaluates the likely outcome of the series of challenges.

Identification of Potential Freight Parking Locations in Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110130
Author(s):  
Glenn Vorhes ◽  
Ernest Perry ◽  
Soyoung Ahn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information System ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
Short List ◽  
Automated Processes ◽  
Parking Facilities ◽  
Urban Sites

Truck parking is a crucial element of the United States’ transportation system as it provides truckers with safe places to rest and stage for deliveries. Demand for truck parking spaces exceeds supply and shortages are especially common in and around urban areas. Freight operations are negatively affected as truck drivers are unable to park in logistically ideal locations. Drivers may resort to unsafe practices such as parking on ramps or in abandoned lots. This report seeks to examine the potential parking availability of vacant urban parcels by establishing a methodology to identify parcels and examining whether the identified parcels are suitable for truck parking. Previous research has demonstrated that affordable, accessible parcels are available to accommodate truck parking. When used in conjunction with other policies, adaptation of urban sites could help reduce the severity of truck parking shortages. Geographic information system parcel and roadway data were obtained for one urban area in each of the 10 Mid America Association of Transportation Officials region states. Area and proximity filters were applied followed by spectral analysis of satellite imagery to identify candidate parcels for truck parking facilities within urban areas. The automated processes created a ranked short list of potential parcels from which those best suited for truck parking could be efficiently identified for inspection by satellite imagery. This process resulted in a manageable number of parcels to be evaluated further by local knowledge metrics such as availability and cost, existing infrastructure and municipal connections, and safety.

The Rural-Urban Continuum of Polarization: Understanding the Geography of the 2018 Midterms

The Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Johnson ◽  
Dante J. Scala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract This study of the 2018 congressional midterms demonstrates how voting patterns and political attitudes vary across a spectrum of urban and rural areas in the United States. Rural America is no more a monolith than is urban America. The rural-urban gradient is better represented by a continuum than a dichotomy. This is evident in the voting results in 2018, just as it was in 2016. We found that the political tipping point lies beyond major metropolitan areas, in the suburban counties of smaller metropolitan areas. Democrats enjoyed even greater success in densely populated urban areas in 2018 than in 2016. Residents of these urban areas display distinctive and consistent social and political attitudes across a range of scales. At the other end of the continuum in remote rural areas, Republican candidates continued to command voter support despite the challenging national political environment. Voters in these rural regions expressed social and political attitudes diametrically opposed to their counterparts in large urban cores.

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