Polish metaphorical perceptions of the translator and translation

Target ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Skibińska ◽  
Piotr Blumczyński
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
The Relationship

The paper offers a comprehensive overview of the Polish metaphorics of translation. It starts by examining the Polish linguistic image of translating, followed by a survey of metaphorical descriptions of the translator and translation from the 18th century, representing the pre-scientific era in reflection on translation. Most attention is devoted to metaphors found in contemporary Polish discourse on translation, centered around: (1) the nature of translation; (2) the relationship between the source and target text, and between the author and translator; and (3) the role of the translator. It is demonstrated that the Polish context offers a rich repertoire of metaphorical depictions of translating, which reflects its distinctive historical and cultural setup.

Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Vollmer ◽  
Kocku von Stuckrad
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Complexity Thesis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the ways religion and science have been related to each other since the nineteenth century, taking into account contemporary debates on the role of the church in society and of the professionalization of science. There are at least four different positions on how to conceptualize the relationship: the conflict thesis, the complexity thesis, the dynamism thesis, and the discursive perspective. Most discussions of the relationship between religion and science operate with a conceptual distinction that defines ‘religion’ and ‘science’ as clear, separate categories, which then are related to each other, creating rigid dichotomies. The chapter discusses integrative and discursive approaches that are more suitable to capture the complexity of meanings of ‘religion’ and ‘science’ and that attempt to move beyond problematic dichotomous constructions. Two case studies demonstrate the usefulness of discursive approaches for the study of religion and science.

scholarly journals Grundherrschaftliche Verwaltung, Staat und Raum in den böhmischen und österreichischen Ländern der Habsburgermonarchie vom ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert bis 1848

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-139
Author(s):  
Josef Löffler
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
State Building ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Administrative Practice ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the relation between manorial administration, the emerging state, and space in the Austrian and Bohemian lands of the Habsburg monarchy between the end of the 18th century and the abolishment of the manorial system in 1848. The themes that will be discussed are the spaces of manorial administration, with a focus on the various manorial rights and their spatial relation to each other; the role of manors in the state-building process, which in the Habsburg Monarchy is closely linked with the reform period in the second half of the 18th century; and finally the relationship between state, manors, and subjects in the first half of the 19th century, with emphasis on administrative practice.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of TCA Cycle-Related Enzymes in Human Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13057
Author(s):  
Woojin Kang ◽  
Miki Suzuki ◽  
Takako Saito ◽  
Kenji Miyado
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Neurometabolic Disorders ◽  
Related Enzyme ◽  
The Relationship

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is the main source of cellular energy and participates in many metabolic pathways in cells. Recent reports indicate that dysfunction of TCA cycle-related enzymes causes human diseases, such as neurometabolic disorders and tumors, have attracted increasing interest in their unexplained roles. The diseases which develop as a consequence of loss or dysfunction of TCA cycle-related enzymes are distinct, suggesting that each enzyme has a unique function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between each TCA cycle-related enzyme and human diseases. We also discuss their functions in the context of both mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial (or cytoplasmic) enzymes.

scholarly journals Mata Rantai Perdagangan Lada di Kalimantan Bagian Tenggara Pada Abad ke-17-18

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Endang Susilowati
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Port City ◽  
Important Link ◽  
The Relationship

In the period of 17th  century up to 18th century, pepper was one of the important commodities of Southeastern Kalimantan. Pepper was produced by Dayak tribes in rural areas of Southeastern Kalimantan, transported through the rivers and traded in Banjarmasin, which was the most important port in the region.  Merchants from all around the globe visited Banjarmasin to trade for this commodity. This article aims to study the linkage of the pepper trade in Banjarmasin which involved pepper farmers in rural areas, Chinese and Banjar merchants as the middlemen, Sultan and court officials as the holders of privileges in pepper trade, and foreign traders (Chinese, Dutch, and the British) as the buyer of pepper in the port city of Banjarmasin. By discussing the role of each part of the link, the relationship between these parts can be seen clearly. The results of this study indicate that pepper farmers are the most disadvantaged party in this trade link, they hardly benefit from the growing trade of the pepper they produced. Meanwhile the middlemen, Sultan and court officials had enjoyed huge profits. The Sultan even used pepper as a political tool to gain the support of Dutch authorities (Dutch East-India Company) in dealing with their enemies. Another important link was the Chinese, Dutch and British merchants who competed for the pepper supplies. The Chinese traders who charged the pepper for a higher price had easier way to obtain the pepper supplies than the Dutch and British traders who were supported by their trading authorities.

Dilettantismus oder „Nebenwerk“?

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-499
Author(s):  
Martin Mulsow
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Part Time Work

Dilettantism or “Nebenwerk”? A Gotha Proposal on the Position of Science at the Courts in the Late 18th Century This essay discusses the contents of a presumably collective program that Gotha intellectuals published in 1776. In the text under study, “Von der spielenden Gelehrsamkeit”, they seek to legitimate their scientific and scholarly part-time work in addition to their employment as court officials or professionals in the ducal residence. The text is polyphonious and seems to be based on compromises between different authors. Accordingly, it does not present a consistent argument. For the historian, the consistency of the text is less relevant than what it reveals about the precarious status of part-time science and how it was viewed by contemporaries. The authors of the proposal argue that a self-confident form of patriotism – a patriotism that is related to the princely territory – and the emphasis on practical applications could help to prevent science and scholarship from sliding into pedantic specialization. For the authors, however, this did not mean rejecting the micrology, the collection of seemingly insignificant individual observations. On the contrary: micrology should be possible precisely because the part-time scholars – through their work for the principality at court – would never lose sight of the big picture. In the previous research discussion about the role of dilettantism in the genesis of science, the question of the relationship between the main activity at court and the secondary activity, the Nebenwerk, as a scientist has so far been neglected. The text under discussion therefore throws an important light on the coupling attempts that have been made here between different social subsystems.

Policy, Ideology and Discourse

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-55
Author(s):  
Wilson McLeod
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Language

This chapter addresses a number of overarching issues and themes that have affected the position of Gaelic throughout the modern period. It begins with a discussion of the aims and assumptions of state language policy in Scotland and the wider United Kingdom, and then outlines the principal stages in the development of Gaelic policy. It goes on to consider the relationship between Gaelic and national and group identities in Scotland, considering the varying ways in which it has been framed and interpreted as a national, regional or ethnic minority language. It considers competing ideological interpretations of the value of Gaelic; since the 18th century, Gaelic has been simultaneously valorised and denigrated. It addresses the role of the Scots language in Scotland, which has formed an important backdrop to Gaelic policy even if organising and provision for Scots has been limited. Finally, the chapter gives an overview of he characteristics of Gaelic organisations; generally they have been moderate rather than militant in approach, concerned about limited support in the Gaelic community and the potential for backlash from the Anglophone majority.

scholarly journals Expression, Distribution and Role of Aquaporins in Various Rhinologic Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5853
Author(s):  
Su Young Jung ◽  
Dong Choon Park ◽  
Sung Su Kim ◽  
Seung Geun Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Membrane Channel ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Membrane

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water-specific membrane channel proteins that regulate cellular and organismal water homeostasis. The nose, an organ with important respiratory and olfactory functions, is the first organ exposed to external stimuli. Nose-related topics such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been the subject of extensive research. These studies have reported that mechanisms that drive the development of multiple inflammatory diseases that occur in the nose and contribute to the process of olfactory recognition of compounds entering the nasal cavity involve the action of water channels such as AQPs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between AQPs and rhinologic conditions, focusing on the current state of knowledge and mechanisms that link AQPs and rhinologic conditions. Key conclusions include the following: (1) Various AQPs are expressed in both nasal mucosa and olfactory mucosa; (2) the expression of AQPs in these tissues is different in inflammatory diseases such as AR or CRS, as compared with that in normal tissues; (3) the expression of AQPs in CRS differs depending on the presence or absence of nasal polyps; and (4) the expression of AQPs in tissues associated with olfaction is different from that in the respiratory epithelium.

Between Law and Revolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-100
Author(s):  
Joel Colón-Ríos
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Constituent Power ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Power Part ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The French Revolution

Although the origins of the theory of constituent power are generally placed in the French Revolution, the different legal and institutional implications associated with it in late 18th-century France are seldom explored. This chapter engages in such an exploration by focusing on two institutions that were rejected by Sieyès: the imperative mandate and (decision-making) primary assemblies. Part I focuses on Sieyès’ proposals about constitution-making and constitutional reform after 1789. Part II of the chapter examines the role of citizen instructions in late 18th-century France. Sieyès saw citizen instructions as radically inconsistent with the very idea of representation; they were abolished very early in the Revolution. In so doing, it will be shown, French revolutionaries altered in fundamental ways not only the relationship between electors and representatives, but the very nature of what counts as an exercise of constituent power. Part III focuses on the role of primary assemblies during the more radical stages of the French Revolution (namely, 1792–1793). The approach to primary assemblies found in both in the Constitution of 1793, as well as in the Girondin Draft Constitution, reflected in important ways Rousseau’s conception of those entities as a key mechanism of democratic constitutional change. This approach to constitutional change will be contrasted with that of Sieyès, who saw primary assemblies as the site for the exercise of the much more modest ‘commissioning power’, the power to elect those seen as capable of identifying the nation’s constituent will.

scholarly journals Puhetta koneista

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
Tiina Männistö-Funk
Keyword(s):  
Speech Synthesis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Koneellisesti tuotettu puhe on sekä teknisesti että sosiaalisesti erityinen teknologian ominaisuus. Tässä artikkelissa esitetään, että puhuvia koneita on syytä tarkastella omana sosioteknisenä kategorianaan, koska ihmismäiseen puheeseen liittyy koneen ja käyttäjän suhteen näkökulmasta monia erityisiä kysymyksiä. Elottomia esineitä on saatu puhumaan esihistoriallisista ajoista lähtien erilaisten äänensiirtotekniikoiden avulla, 1700-luvulta lähtien puhesynteesin avulla ja 1800-luvun lopulta lähtien myös äänitetyn puheen keinoin. 1900-luvun mittaan puhuvista koneista tuli osa modernia, teknistynyttä ääniympäristöä, ja erilaisia puhuvia robotteja esitellään yhä lupauksina tulevaisuuden älykkäistä koneista.Puhuvat koneet herättävät kuitenkin helposti ärsytyksen kaltaisia negatiivisia tunteita. Outoutta tai kauhua on pohdittu ongelmina robottien kohtaamisessa, mutta puheen rooli konekohtaamisissa on jäänyt vähälle huomiolle. Puhe toimijuuden muotona merkitsee ihmisen ja koneen suhteen asettumista neuvottelun alaiseksi erityisellä tavalla, jota kulttuurin- ja historiantutkimus voivat auttaa ymmärtämään.Talk of machines: Theoretical Perspectives to Speech TechnologiesMachinically produced speech is a special technological feature, both technically and socially. This article proposes treating talking machines as a sociotechnical category of their own, in order to pay due attention to the role of human-like speech in the relationship of machines and users. Inanimate objects have been given the power of speech from prehistoric times by diverse techniques of acoustic transmission. From the 18th century onwards they have been made to talk by means of mechanical speech synthesis and from the late 19th century on also by making use of voice recording technologies. During the 20th century, talking machines became a part of the modern, technological soundscape.Talking robots are still being showcased as promises of future machine intelligence. However, talking machines easily induce negative feelings, such as annoyance. The feelings of horror and uncanniness have often been brought up as problems in human-robot interaction, but the role of speech in these encounters has not attracted much attention. Speech as a form of agency negotiates the relationship of humans and machines in specific ways, which cultural studies and historical research can help to understand.

The role of information technology in purchasing function

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Alfonso Rodríguez-Escobar ◽  
Javier González-Benito
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Role Of Information

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze how information technology (IT) can help explain performance by the purchasing function. In addition to analyzing the direct effect and mediating role of purchasing practices in the relationship between IT and purchasing performance, as has been considered in previous research, this study investigates the possibility of a moderating effect of IT in the relationships between purchasing practices and purchasing performance. Design/methodology/approach – The propositions are tested with data from 156 purchasing managers, collected through a survey of members of the Spanish Association of Professionals of Purchasing and Supply Management who work in industrial companies. Findings – Although IT investments exert a positive effect on the purchasing function, the results show that this effect takes place through the implementation of purchasing practices that in turn improve the results of the purchasing function. Originality/value – Instead of focusing on a single, specific effect of IT investment in the purchasing function, this paper considers three potential effects (direct, mediated and moderating). Thus, it provides a more comprehensive overview of the topic and a more complete elucidation of the actual effects.

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