Extent of digestion affects the success of amplifying human DNA from blood meals of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Mukabana ◽  
W. Takken ◽  
P. Seda ◽  
G.F. Killeen ◽  
W.A. Hawley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Success Probability ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Human Dna ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tc 11 ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractThe success of distinguishing blood meal sources of Anopheles gambiae Giles through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiling was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification at the TC-11 and VWA human short tandem repeats (STR) loci. Blood meal size and locus had no significant effect on the success of amplifying human DNA from blood meals digested for 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h (P = 0.85 and 0.26 respectively). However, logistic regression found a significant negative relationship between time since ingestion and the success probability of obtaining positive PCR products among meals digested for between 8 and 32 h (P = 0.001). Approximately 80% of fresh blood meals were successfully profiled. After 8 h, the proportion of blood meals that could be successfully profiled decreased slowly with time after ingestion, dropping to below 50% after approximately 15 h. There was no significant difference in the success of amplifying human DNA from blood meals of mosquitoes killed at time 0 and 8 h after ingestion (P = 0.272).

scholarly journals Effects of Host Blood on Fecundity and Longevity of Female Anopheles Mosquitoes

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
J. I. Chikwendu ◽  
A. Onekutu ◽  
I. O. Ogbonna
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Blood Meal Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Cattle Blood ◽  
Host Blood

Aim: The effect of Host blood on the fecundity of female Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes was studied under normal conditions of 64±2% Relative Humidity and 27±2ºC Temperature. Methods: Three-five day old (F1) female Anopheles mosquitoes were transferred into wooden cages (40x40x40 cm) and fed blood from the following sources: man, cattle, chicken, goat, pig and sheep through an artificial feeding membrane. Engorged females were observed and fecundity recorded. The entire experiment was replicated five (5) times. Results: From the 1st to 4th gonotropic cycle, mosquitoes fed human blood produced significantly greater (p<0.05) number of eggs (Mean=121.90±1.18, 101.36±1.56, 64.12±1.54 and 29.66±1.69 respectively) than mosquitoes fed other blood meal sources. Across the six (6) blood meal trials (excluding that of sheep), there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in fecundity from the 1st to 4th gonotropic cycles (1st>2nd>3rd>4th). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in fecundity between pigs, chicken and sheep. Total mean longevity and total mean fecundity was significantly greater (p<0.05) in mosquitoes fed human and cattle blood than in mosquitoes fed the other blood sources. Conclusion: The results showed that blood meal source affects fecundity and longevity of female Anopheles gambiae s. l mosquitoes reared under laboratory conditions and that blood from humans as well as from other domestic animals is suitable for sustaining vectorial capacity in Anopheles gambiae s. l mosquitoes.

The distribution and movement of engorged females of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Gambian village

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. L. Boreham ◽  
G. R. Port
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Human Blood Index ◽  
Blood Index ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractThe distribution of fed mosquitoes in a village in the Gambia where bed nets are widely used was studied. A total of 3470 blood-meals from Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. and other mosquitoes was analysed to determine the human blood index (HBI). A. gambiae s.s. collected within nets gave an index of 0·99, whereas those within houses but outside nets gave an index of 0·70. The importance of distinguishing biotopes when presenting HBI values is stressed. By using a unique host, mosquitoes were ‘ marked ’ (with a blood-meal) and their dispersion was studied. Evidence was obtained for movement from house to house and from outside into houses before resting.

scholarly journals Understanding mosquito host-choice behaviour: a new and low-cost method of identifying the sex of human hosts from mosquito blood meals

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Teltscher ◽  
Sophie Bouvaine ◽  
Gabriella Gibson ◽  
Paul Dyer ◽  
Jennifer Guest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Transmission Models ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract Background Mosquito-borne diseases are a global health problem, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths per year. Pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes feeding on the blood of an infected host and then feeding on a new host. Monitoring mosquito host-choice behaviour can help in many aspects of vector-borne disease control. Currently, it is possible to determine the host species and an individual human host from the blood meal of a mosquito by using genotyping to match the blood profile of local inhabitants. Epidemiological models generally assume that mosquito biting behaviour is random; however, numerous studies have shown that certain characteristics, e.g. genetic makeup and skin microbiota, make some individuals more attractive to mosquitoes than others. Analysing blood meals and illuminating host-choice behaviour will help re-evaluate and optimise disease transmission models. Methods We describe a new blood meal assay that identifies the sex of the person that a mosquito has bitten. The amelogenin locus (AMEL), a sex marker located on both X and Y chromosomes, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction in DNA extracted from blood-fed Aedes aegypti and Anopheles coluzzii. Results AMEL could be successfully amplified up to 24 h after a blood meal in 100% of An. coluzzii and 96.6% of Ae. aegypti, revealing the sex of humans that were fed on by individual mosquitoes. Conclusions The method described here, developed using mosquitoes fed on volunteers, can be applied to field-caught mosquitoes to determine the host species and the biological sex of human hosts on which they have blood fed. Two important vector species were tested successfully in our laboratory experiments, demonstrating the potential of this technique to improve epidemiological models of vector-borne diseases. This viable and low-cost approach has the capacity to improve our understanding of vector-borne disease transmission, specifically gender differences in exposure and attractiveness to mosquitoes. The data gathered from field studies using our method can be used to shape new transmission models and aid in the implementation of more effective and targeted vector control strategies by enabling a better understanding of the drivers of vector-host interactions.

Sonographic Assessment of Renal Volume in Normotensive Pregnant Women and Women With Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in Enugu Metropolis

2021 ◽  
pp. 875647932110210
Author(s):  
Idigo Felicitas Ugochinyere ◽  
Nwankwo Sylvia Chiamaka ◽  
Abonyi Everistus Obinna ◽  
Anakwue Angel-Mary Chukwunyelu ◽  
Agbo Julius Amechi
Keyword(s):  
Reference Range ◽  
Interobserver Variability ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Renal Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Induced Hypertension

Objective: Renal volume (RV) assessment during obstetric sonography is rarely considered in our locality. Understanding the changes in RV in both normotensive pregnant (NP) and pregnancy-induced hypertensive (PIH) women is important in making correct diagnosis regarding pregnancy outcome. This study is aimed at determining the RV in NP and PIH women and correlating RV with fetal gestational age (FGA), body mass index (BMI), and parity in NP women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 450 patients recruited at a Tertiary Hospital. A pilot study was done to determine the interobserver variability in RV measurement. RV was calculated using the following formula: L × W × AP × 0.523. Parity, BMI, and blood pressure were documented, while FGA was calculated as an average of FGAs obtained from the measurements of fetal biometric parameters. Results: Mean RV of PIH women was significantly higher than that of NP women ( P < .05). RV shows a positive significant relationship with BMI and FGA, while it shows a negative relationship with parity in NP ( P < .05). Conclusion: Reference range values of RV were generated for clinical use in our locality, while there is statistically significant difference between RV in NP and PIH women.

scholarly journals DRD4 Gene Polymorphisms as a Risk Factor for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei ◽  
Shahrokh Amiri ◽  
Sara Faghfouri ◽  
Seyed Gholamreza Noorazar ◽  
Shahin AbdollahiFakhim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Drd4 Gene ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Northwest Of Iran

Background and Objective. Dopamine dysfunction is known to be associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is one of the important genes in this pathway. This study intended to investigate the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene in Iranian children and adolescents. Materials and Methods. In this study, 130 children with ADHD, aged 6–14 years, and 130 healthy children, within the same age range, were enrolled. All children were selected from northwest of Iran which have Caucasian ethnic background and are of a Turkic ethnic group. VNTR polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene were evaluated by PCR using exon 3-specific primers followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Findings. The Hardy-Weinberg principle and Chi-square test showed a significant difference in 4-repetition (4R) alleles between the ADHD (76.2%) and control (53.8%) groups (p=0.004; X2=17.39; df=5). The least percentage of repetition alleles in both groups was 2R. Conclusion. There is a significant correlation between the 4R alleles of DRD4 and ADHD in the northwest of Iran.

Longevity of Anopheles maculipennis race atroparvus, van Thiel, at controlled Temperature and Humidity after one Blood Meal

1939 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Anopheles Maculipennis ◽  
Culex Fatigans ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Blood Meals

From January to July 1938, experiments with Anopheles maculipennis race atroparvus, Van Thiel, were undertaken to discover whether humidity and the age at which the females fed influenced their longevity. It was found that they lived longer at higher than at lower humidities; that most of the females which fed did so in the first three days; that those which fed on the second day after emergence lived longer than those which fed at other ages; and that the feeding period was slightly extended in the later experiments, though only a small proportion lived long enough to take their first blood meals on the fourth and fifth days.Rather more than 50 per cent. of each batch of newly emerged adults were females.A large proportion of the deaths of unfed males and females occurred during the first three days, most of them on the second day; this mortality decreased in successive experiments.Culex fatigans, Wied., behaved similarly.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Allelic Alterations between InDel and STR Markers in Tumoral Tissues Used for Forensic Purposes

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Pamela Tozzo ◽  
Arianna Delicati ◽  
Anna Chiara Frigo ◽  
Luciana Caenazzo
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Genomic Instability ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Forensic Genetics ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Dna Identification ◽  
Human Dna ◽  
Tumor Transformation ◽  
Paternity Tests

Background and objectives: Over the last two decades, human DNA identification and kinship tests have been conducted mainly through the analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs). However, other types of markers, such as insertion/deletion polymorphisms (InDels), may be required when DNA is highly degraded. In forensic genetics, tumor samples may sometimes be used in some cases of human DNA identification and in paternity tests. Nevertheless, tumor genomic instability related to forensic DNA markers should be considered in forensic analyses since it can compromise genotype attribution. Therefore, it is useful to know what impact tumor transformation may have on the forensic interpretation of the results obtained from the analysis of these polymorphisms. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic instability of InDels and STRs through the analysis of 55 markers in healthy tissue and tumor samples (hepatic, gastric, breast, and colorectal cancer) in 66 patients. The evaluation of genomic instability was performed comparing InDel and STR genotypes of tumor samples with those of their healthy counterparts. Results: With regard to STRs, colorectal cancer was found to be the tumor type affected by the highest number of mutations, whereas in the case of InDels the amount of genetic mutations turned out to be independent of the tumor type. However, the phenomena of genomic instability, such as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI), seem to affect InDels more than STRs hampering genotype attribution. Conclusion: We suggest that the use of STRs rather than InDels could be more suitable in forensic genotyping analyses given that InDels seem to be more affected than STRs by mutation events capable of compromising genotype attribution.

Entering the Mental Backstage: Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering among Performing Artists

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 2068-2071
Author(s):  
Avneet Kaur ◽  
Shwetha T.S
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Performing Artists ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Significant Difference

Existing literature has explored the role of mindfulness and mind-wandering on creative processes. However, it has overlooked the diversity in the creative domains as well as the experience of the artist while accounting for their relationship. In the present study, mindfulness and mind wandering- deliberate and spontaneous were explored among performing artists, i.e. musicians, theatre artists, and dancers. The study also looked at the artists’ experience in their field. After an initial screening using a creativity tool, 66 performing artists were recruited, following which two self-report indices that assessed mind wandering and mindfulness were administered. The data collected was subjected to quantitative data analysis in SPSS. A Oneway ANOVA showed significant effect of the creative domain on mindfulness for the three groups, with a significant difference between musicians and dancers. Among the musicians, a significant negative relationship between mind wandering spontaneous and years of experience was seen. Among the dancers, there was a significant positive association between mind wandering spontaneous, mind wandering deliberate and years of experience. The current study highlighted the need to approach the study of creativity using a contextual perspective. Keywords: Creativity, Dance, Music, Theatre.

scholarly journals Occupational Stress, Psychological Well being and Quality of Life among Indian Army Personnel

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Dolly Bansal ◽  
Vijendra Nath Pathak ◽  
J. Pradhan ◽  
Anu Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Army Personnel

The study aims to highlight the occupation level on occupational stress, psychological well-being, and quality of life of Indian Army Personnel. The study was conducted on one hundred fifty Indian male Army Personnel of different rank belonging to 25 years to 45 years of age group. The cross-sectional design was used. The sample was selected through the purposive sampling technique. The tools measures like the Occupational Stress Index, Psychological Well-Being Scale and WHO Quality of Life-BREF Hindi was individually administered. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. One way Analysis of Variance results revealed that there is a significant difference in occupational levels on occupational stress, psychological well-being, and quality of life among Indian Army personnel. Pearson product-moment correlations coefficient showed a significant negative relationship between occupational stress with psychological well-being and quality of life and showed a significant positive relationship between psychological well-being and quality of life among Indian Army Personnel.

scholarly journals PROFILE OF LUNGS VOLUME IN THE DIABETES MELITUS AND NON DIABETES MELITUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Litta Marlin Patty ◽  
Jodelin Muninggar ◽  
Nur Aji Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Volume Profile ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Statistical Sample ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

International Diabetes Federation states that in 2007 there were 246 million people in the world suffering from diabetes and it is expected to increase to 380 million by 2025. DM can cause susceptibility to infections in the human lung organs due to hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the lung volume profile in the form of VT, VCI, VCE and VKP in the DM group and non DM group. This study uses a quantitative descriptive survey design with a sample of 60 people, consisting of 30 people from the DM group and 30 people from the Non DM group. The statistical test used in this study is the Independent statistical sample t-test, the Mann-Whitney test and the Pearson correlation. The results showed: (1) There was a significant difference in the DM of the DM group and the Non DM group with p = 0.021 (p <0.05); (2) There were significant differences in VT, VCI, VCE of the DM group and Non DM group with significant values ​​of VT (p = 0,000 <0.05), VCI (p = 0.003 <0.05) and VCE (p = 0.001 <0.05); (3) There was no significant difference in the VKP of the DM group and the Non DM group with p = 0.805 (p <0.05); (4) Relationship between GD and VT (r = 0.220), GD with VCI (r = 0.308), GD with VCE (r = -0.110), GD with VKP (r = 0.219). So it was concluded that there was a positive relationship between GD and VT, VCI, VKP and also there was a negative relationship between GD and VCE. Suggestion: DM sufferers need to conduct routine checks so that health remains well controlled

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