Species and Life History Affect the Utility of Otolith Chemical Composition for Determining Natal Stream of Origin for Pacific Salmon

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 1370-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian E. Zimmerman ◽  
Heidi K. Swanson ◽  
Eric C. Volk ◽  
Adam J. R. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pacific Salmon

Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Restoration And Protection

<em>Abstract.</em>—The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Tribal co-managers are using the Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT) model to identify the spatial and temporal habitat limits of salmon populations and predict the effects of proposed habitat restoration projects for ESA-listed Chinook salmon <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha </em>in two Puget Sound watersheds. The collaborative, iterative process focused on habitat-based population models for the Dungeness and Dosewallips watersheds. Workshops were held to develop quantitative characteristics of current, historic, hypothetical properly functioning, and future habitat conditions. The model predicted salmon populations in the watersheds for each set of habitat conditions. Recovery targets were based on the predicted populations for historic and hypothetical properly functioning conditions. Future populations were modeled using projected habitat conditions with individual habitat restoration and protection actions already proposed and combinations of these actions. Populations resulting from further habitat degradation were estimated using the effects of projected human population growth on habitat.

The effect of medium on selected life-history traits in three clones of Lecane inermis (Rotifera) from activated sludge

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 2071-2076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pajdak-Stós ◽  
Kocerba Wioleta ◽  
Edyta Fiałkowska ◽  
Beata Klimek ◽  
Janusz Fyda
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Egg Ratio ◽  
Lecane Inermis

We tested the effect of various culture media on life-history traits in three clones of the rotifer Lecane inermis, a potential bulking control agent. Four types of media were tested: a filtrate of activated sludge, mineral water, and each of these media enriched with molasses. The number of live and dead individuals and the number of amictic eggs were counted during the 14-day experiment, and the egg ratio (ER) and mortality rate were calculated. We found that the rotifers were well adapted to the changes in chemical composition of the medium and that the addition of molasses resulted in a significant increase in rotifer abundance. The highest ER was noted after two days, reaching a maximum of 4 eggs per female in treatments with filtrate and molassesenriched filtrate. The life-history traits varied depending on the clone and the medium, but all of the clones were able to survive and proliferate, even after 14 days of starvation.

Analyzing variations in life-history traits of Pacific salmon in the context of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Pecquerie ◽  
Leah R. Johnson ◽  
Sebastiaan A.L.M. Kooijman ◽  
Roger M. Nisbet
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Dynamic Energy Budget

Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Habitat Alteration ◽  
Freshwater Habitat ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Philosophical Viewpoint

<em>Abstract.—</em>We understand our environment through our senses and tend to interpret the behavior of other animals in the context of the world we understand. Butterflies and flowers sometimes show distinctive patterns in ultraviolet light that are important to them but invisible to us. Likewise, the senses of fish and their experience of the world are very different from ours. Many aspects of a salmon’s environment, such as olfactory stimuli, are completely invisible to us. Other factors, like certain aspects of habitat alteration, are visible but unnoticed because they occurred gradually or long ago. Like Poe’s purloined letter they are cryptic—there for us to see if we only knew what to look for. As we build salmon models we base them on what we understand is important to the fish. However, our anthropocentric bias may cause us to overlook or misinterpret factors of importance. In addition, our necessarily simplified models, when applied to management, may result in a pernicious simplification of the salmon populations we wish to preserve. For example, if we model and manage for a dominant (or highly visible or easily monitored) salmon life history we may inadvertently eliminate other life histories of equal importance, or reduce diversity in ways that affect population viability. We should actively seek to identify important factors missing from our models and be aware of critical assumptions. Recognizing that our models are tools used to understand and manage salmon, we should try to understand the broader implications of these models to the future of the salmon we hope to preserve. In this essay, I offer speculation about what we may be missing in freshwater habitat, life history diversity, metapopulation dynamics, ocean survival, and water chemistry. I also consider the question of scale, and the effect our philosophical viewpoint may have on the direction and application of our modeling efforts and the likelihood of successful outcomes.

Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Ecosystem Effects ◽  
Precipitous Decline ◽  
Northwestern North America

<em>Abstract.</em>—Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. are important components of numerous food webs throughout their life history, yet we know very little about the historic and current abundance of these life history stages. We used past cannery records, recent harvest and hatchery records, and salmon life history information drawn from the literature to construct a simple bioregional model of historic and recent salmon abundance at egg, fry, smolt, ocean adult, and spawning stages for five species of Pacific salmon from Alaska to California. We found a historic-to-recent bioregional decline in salmon biomass in all life history stages. Recent salmon egg, fry, smolt, ocean-going adult, and escapement biomass estimates for northwestern North America are 74%, 55%, 59%, 86%, and 35%, respectively, of historic levels. Recent high productivity in Alaskan waters, however, masks a precipitous decline south of Alaska, where recent egg, fry, smolt, ocean-going adult, and escapement biomass levels are 34%, 23%, 50%, 40%, and 15% that of historic levels. Adult production and harvest levels are no longer sufficient measures of salmon management success. Researchers need to quantify and elucidate the ecosystem effects of historic biomass changes in life history stages of Pacific salmon on a watershed basis. Fisheries managers must set and meet specific targets for salmon life history stage abundance—from egg to spawning adult—to restore and maintain ecosystem function.

Early marine life history of juvenile Pacific salmon in two regions of Puget Sound

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J. Duffy ◽  
David A. Beauchamp ◽  
Raymond M. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Juvenile Pacific Salmon

scholarly journals Differential migration in Pacific salmon and trout: Patterns and hypotheses

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Partial Migration ◽  
Differential Migration ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Migration Distance ◽  
Fishery Exploitation ◽  
Life History Patterns

AbstractMigrations affect the population dynamics, life history, evolution, and connections of animals to natural ecosystems and humans. Many species and populations display partial migration (some individuals migrate and some do not), and differential migration (migration distance varies). Partial migration is widely distributed in fishes but the term differential migration is much less commonly applied, despite the occurrence of this phenomenon. This paper briefly reviews the extent of differential migration in Pacific salmon and trout (genus Oncorhynchus), a very extensively studied group. Three hypotheses are presented to explain the patterns among species: 1) phylogenetic relationships, 2) the prevalence of partial migration (i.e., variation in anadromy), and 3) life history patterns (iteroparous or semelparous, and duration spent feeding at sea prior to maturation). Each hypothesis has some support but none is consistent with all patterns. The prevalence of differential migration, ranging from essentially non-existent to common within a species, reflects phylogeny and life history, interacting with the geographic features of the region where juvenile salmon enter the ocean. Notwithstanding the uncertain evolution of this behavior, it has very clear implications for salmon conservation, as it strongly affects exposure to predators, patterns of fishery exploitation and also uptake of toxic contaminants.

Direct transmission of the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica among Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1242-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Bower ◽  
L. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Supportive Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Adjacent Channel

Laboratory-reared juvenile Oncorhynchus nerka were marked, inoculated with Cryptobia (= Trypanoplasma) salmositica, and held in tanks with equal numbers of untreated fish. About 85% (116 of 137) of the untreated fish (held in freshwater or seawater) exposed by brief out-of-water contact with heavily infected fish in a dipnet became infected. Without out-of-water contact, only 4% (3 of 85) of the untreated fish held in the same tanks as inoculated fish became infected. The flagellates were shown to escape from the coelom to the body surface of infected fish via ruptured areas in the region of the abdominal pores. The escaped flagellates were similar in morphology to those in the blood and were equally sensitive to lysis in water but the mucus from the fish provided the flagellates with short-term protection. Supportive evidence that direct transmission may occur in the field was obtained when juvenile Oncorhynchus kisutch held in seminatural rearing channels in a hatchery showed an increase in the prevalence of infection after they were moved to an adjacent channel. Leech vectors (Piscicola salmositica) were not observed to account for the increase in the number of infected fish, and the prevalence of infection remained low in fish that were not moved. Indirect versus direct life history is currently the only criterion used in distinguishing Trypanoplasma (parasitic in blood and other fluids of fish) from Cryptobia (parasitic in molluscs and externally on fish). The evidence of direct transmission in a blood form demonstrates that this criterion is not reliable. The genus Trypanoplasma Laveran and Mesnil, 1901 is therefore considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Cryptobia Leidy, 1846.

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