Water Infiltration, Resistance to Penetration and Soil Moisture in Integrated Agricultural Yield Systems over Time

Author(s):  
Gabriela Lozano Olivério ◽  
Carolina dos Santos Batista Bonini ◽  
Jéssica Fernanda Dias Souza ◽  
Rafael Luís Sanchez Perusso ◽  
Guilherme Constantino Meirelles ◽  
...  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
S. Chehaibi ◽  
K. Abrougui ◽  
F. Haouala

The effects of mechanical perforation densities by extracting soil cores through an aerator Vertidrain with a working width of 1.6 m and equipped with hollow tines spaced of 65 mm, were studied on a sandy soil of a grassy sward in the Golf Course El Kantaoui in Sousse (Tunisia). The mechanical aeration was performed at two densities: 250 and 350 holes/m2. The cone penetration resistance and soil water infiltration were measured. These parameters were performed at initial state before aeration (E0) and then on the 10th, 20th and 30th day after aeration. These results showed that perforation density of 350 holes/m2 had a positive effect on the soil by reducing its cone resistance to penetration compared to the initial state (Rp = 14.8 daN/cm2). At 5 cm depth the decrease in resistance to penetration was 34% and 43% on the 10th and 20th day after aeration, respectively. However, on the 30th day after aeration the soil resistance to penetration tended to grow and its value compared to the initial state decreased only by 21 and 26%, respectively, at 5 and 15 cm of depth only by 10% and 9% with 250 holes/m2 density. The soil water infiltration made a good improvement after aeration compared to the initial state. This parameter increased from 4.8 cm/h to 8.3, 10.9 and 13.1 cm/h with 250 holes/m2 density and to 10, 12.9 and 14.8 cm/h with 350 holes/m2 density on the 10th, 20th and 30th day following the aeration.


Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Marqués ◽  
Bienes ◽  
Ruiz-Colmenero

The wine captures grapes’ variety nature and vinification techniques, but other aspects of soil, climate and terrain are equally important for the terroir expression as a whole. Soil supplies moisture, nitrogen, and minerals. Particularly nitrogen obtained through mineralization of soil organic matter and water uptake are crucial for grape yield, berry sugar, anthocyanin and tannin concentration, hence grape quality and vineyard profitability. Different climatic conditions, which are predicted for the future, can significantly modify this relationship between vines and soils. New climatic conditions under global warming predict higher temperatures, erratic and extreme rainfall events, and drought spells. These circumstances are particularly worrisome for typical thin soils of the Mediterranean environment. This study reports the effect of permanent grass cover in vineyards to maintain or increase soil organic matter and soil moisture. The influence of natural and simulated rainfalls on soils was studied. A comparison between minimum tillage (MT) and permanent grass cover crop (GC) of the temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon was done. Water infiltration, water holding capacity, organic carbon sequestration and protection from extreme events, were considered in a sloping vineyard located in the south of Madrid, Spain. The MT is the most widely used cultivation method in the area. The tradition supports this management practice to capture and preserve water in soils. It creates small depressions that accumulate water and eventually improves water infiltration. This effect was acknowledged in summer after recent MT cultivation; however, it was only short-lived as surface roughness declined after rainfalls. Especially, intense rainfall events left the surface of bare soil sealed. Consequently, the effects depend on the season of the year. In autumn, a rainy season of the year, MT failed to enhance infiltration. On the contrary, B. distachyon acted as a physical barrier, produced more infiltration (22% increase) and fewer particles detachment, due to increased soil structure stability and soil organic matter (50% increase). The GC efficiently protected soil from high-intensity events (more than 2 mm min-1). Besides, soil moisture at 35 cm depth was enhanced with GC (9% more than tillage). On average, soil moisture in GC was not significantly different from MT. These effects of GC on soil conditions created local micro-environmental conditions that can be considered advantageous as a climate change adaptation strategy, because they improved water balance, maintained a sustainable level of soil organic matter, therefore organic nitrogen, all these factors crucial for improving wine quality.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Seager ◽  
Jennifer Nakamura ◽  
Mingfang Ting

AbstractMechanisms of drought onset and termination are examined across North America with a focus on the southern Plains using data from land surface models and regional and global reanalyses for 1979–2017. Continental-scale analysis of covarying patterns reveals a tight coupling between soil moisture change over time and intervening precipitation anomalies. The southern Great Plains are a geographic center of patterns of hydrologic change. Drying is induced by atmospheric wave trains that span the Pacific and North America and place northerly flow anomalies above the southern Plains. In the southern Plains winter is least likely, and fall most likely, for drought onset and spring is least likely, and fall or summer most likely, for drought termination. Southern Plains soil moisture itself, which integrates precipitation over time, has a clear relationship to tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies with cold conditions favoring dry soils. Soil moisture change, however, though clearly driven by precipitation, has a weaker relation to SSTs and a strong relation to internal atmospheric variability. Little evidence is found of connection of drought onset and termination to driving by temperature anomalies. An analysis of particular drought onsets and terminations on the seasonal time scale reveals commonalities in terms of circulation and moisture transport anomalies over the southern Plains but a variety of ways in which these are connected into the large-scale atmosphere and ocean state. Some onsets are likely to be quite predictable due to forcing by cold tropical Pacific SSTs (e.g., fall 2010). Other onsets and all terminations are likely not predictable in terms of ocean conditions.


2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. THIERFELDER ◽  
P. C. WALL

SUMMARYConservation agriculture (CA) systems are based on minimal soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop rotation. Although the capacity of rotations to break pest and disease cycles is generally recognized, other benefits of crop rotations in CA systems are seldom acknowledged and little understood. We monitored different conventional and CA cropping systems over the period from 2005 to 2009 in a multi-seasonal trial in Monze, southern Zambia. Both monocropped maize and different maize rotations including cotton and the green manure cover crop sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) were compared under CA conditions, with the aim of elucidating the effects of crop rotations on soil quality, soil moisture relations and maize productivity. Infiltration, a sensitive indicator of soil quality, was significantly lower on conventionally ploughed plots in all cropping seasons compared to CA plots. Higher water infiltration rate led to greater soil moisture content in CA maize treatments seeded after cotton. Earthworm populations, total carbon and aggregate stability were also significantly higher on CA plots. Improvements in soil quality resulted in higher rainfall use efficiency and higher maize grain yield on CA plots especially those in a two- or three-year rotation. In the 2007/08 and 2008/2009 season, highest yields were obtained from direct-seeded maize after sunnhemp, which yielded 74% and 136% more than maize in the conventionally ploughed control treatment with a continuous maize crop. Even in a two-year rotation (maize-cotton), without a legume green manure cover crop, 47% and 38% higher maize yields were recorded compared to maize in the conventionally ploughed control in the two years, respectively. This suggests that there are positive effects from crop rotations even in the absence of disease and pest problems. The overall profitability of each system will, however, depend on markets and prices, which will guide the farmer's decision on which, if any, rotation to choose.


2020 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 105482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawu Wang ◽  
Zili Dai ◽  
Iori Takahashi ◽  
Yuta Tanida

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rogério de Mello ◽  
Léo Fernandes Ávila ◽  
Lloyd Darrell Norton ◽  
Antônio Marciano da Silva ◽  
José Márcio de Mello ◽  
...  

Soil water content is essential to understand the hydrological cycle. It controls the surface runoff generation, water infiltration, soil evaporation and plant transpiration. This work aims to analyze the spatial distribution of top soil water content and to characterize the spatial mean and standard deviation of top soil water content over time in an experimental catchment located in the Mantiqueira Range region, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Measurements of top soil water content were carried out every 15 days, between May/2007 and May/2008. Using time-domain reflectometry (TDR) equipment, 69 points were sampled in the top 0.2 m of the soil profile. Geostatistical procedures were applied in all steps of the study. First, the spatial continuity was evaluated, and the experimental semi-variogram was modeled. For the development of top soil water content maps over time a co-kriging procedure was used having the slope as a secondary variable. Rainfall regime controlled the top soil water content during the wet season. Land use was also another fundamental local factor. The spatial standard deviation had low values under dry conditions, and high values under wet conditions. Thus, more variability occurs under wet conditions.


2014 ◽  
Vol 641-642 ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
Shu Yan ◽  
Juan Gao ◽  
Zhong Yuan Zhang ◽  
Feng Lin Zuo ◽  
Wei Hua Zhang

In order to relieve water shortage, many countries develop water-saving industries and increase water use rate of irrigation. The research on soil water infiltration has important effect on infiltration and runoff, as well as for irrigation. The study carried out in Liangping district of Chongqing by using double ring infiltration method and exploring the reasonable infiltration model in the study area. The relationship of initial soil moisture and irrigation coefficient was studied as well. The results showed that: the Kostiakov empirical formula could simulate the process of soil water infiltration properly. The soil infiltration rate of Liangping is 0.0320cm/min in the selected location.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Passalacqua ◽  
Rossella Bovolenta ◽  
Bianca Federici ◽  
Alessandro Iacopino

<p>Soil water content is often a landslide’s trigger factor, in particular the shallow ones. Although there is no simple relationship between the water content into the soil and the hydraulic conditions of the slopes at the depths at which the landslides develop, the knowledge of the actual soil moisture is fundamental for the study of landslides, thus, it should be monitored.<br>The LAMP (LAndslide Monitoring and Predicting) system is employed in the INTERREG-ALCOTRA project called AD-VITAM. LAMP (Bovolenta et al., 2016) was yet formulated for the analysis and forecasting of landslides triggered by rain. It adopts a physically based Integrated Hydrological Geotechnical (IHG) model (Passalacqua et al., 2016) and is implemented in GIS. In this Project, the IHG model is fed by data measured using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), this formed by low-cost and self-sufficient sensors. The WSN may gather rainfall, temperature, surface’s displacement data (these by mass-market GNSS receivers in RTK) and, in this case, soil water content (by capacitive sensors).<br>The WaterScout SM100 capacitive sensors were lab-analyzed then, recognized as satisfactory, installed on-site together with their related equipment. These sensors connect to a “Sensor Pup”, which has four available channels; therefore, four sensors are installed at each node, at different depths from ground-level, in order to achieve a vertical soil-moisture profile and the rate of infiltration.<br>The selection of the most suitable spots for the water content soil-sensors’ installations depends on the presence of shallow soil layers and of the radio signal emission-reception’s too.<br>The sensors may be set up both in vertical or horizontal direction. In general, the vertical installation is preferable. This implies the creation of small adjacent vertical holes, each one reaching a different depth, where the sensors are singularly pushed. Alternatively, the horizontal one may be adopted, by the opening of a small trench where the sensors are manually inserted at different depths, along a quasi-vertical vertical line. The full contact between the soil and the sensors is always verified, immediately after the installation, using a directly connected FieldScout reader to any single sensor. Furthermore, it is necessary to protect the emerging cables and to avoid preferential ways for water infiltration along the wiring lines.<br>The monitoring networks, installed at the two Italian sites of Mendatica and Ceriana, are currently providing informations in real-time. The data acquired at five nodes, distributed at each of these two sites (40 sensors in total), are currently relayed on a specific web-portal by a GSM connected Retriever-Modem, marking the evolutions of soil moisture profiles at depths between 10 and 85 cm from ground level: these continuous data allow the analysis of the infiltration and evapotranspiration phenomena. Moreover, a correlation between the soil moisture contents and the local displacements is made possible. Finally, a specific calibration of the SM100 sensors’ in relation to the on-site soil types is in progress.</p>


1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Langlands ◽  
I. L. Bennett

SummaryA Phalaris tuberosa and Trifolium repens pasture was grazed continuously at stocking rates varying from 2·5 to 37·1 sheep per ha between 1964 and 1969. During this period herbage availability and composition, basal cover, root weight, water infiltration, soil moisture content, bulk density and chemical composition of the soil were measured at intervals.As stocking rate was increased, herbage availability, root weight, basal cover, soil pore space and the rate of water infiltration declined, and bulk density and the nitrogen and calcium contents of the herbage on offer increased. In periods of below-average rainfall, soil moisture and nitrate levels were greater when herbage was of low availability.Herbage production was calculated from estimates of herbage consumption and of litter decomposition, and averaged 8·45 t dry matter/ha/year; it was insensitive to changes in stocking rate over the range from 2 to 22 sheep/ha. The ratio, herbage consumption/ pasture production increased by 0'045 per unit increase in stocking rate.


1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 881 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Kemp ◽  
WJ McDonald ◽  
RD Murison

Soil phosphate (P) values were determined for 49 improved pasture sites on 11 occasions over a 3-year period. Each sample was taken from under an improved pasture on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales and analysed using the Bray No. 1 and Colwell (modified Olsen) tests. Variations in soil P values between samplings over time were significant (P<0.05). For individual sites, the 95% confidence limit, as a percentage of the mean, averaged � 19% for Bray P values and � 13% for Colwell P values. The pattern of variation in P values over time was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by soil P level, soil type or soil test. Variation in P values over time with both tests was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with a general estimate of soil moisture and thermal index for the sampling month. Both Colwell P and Bray P values showed negative correlations with increasing soil moisture or increasing thermal index. The correlation between Colwell P and Bray P values on any one soil type was not reliable enough to allow prediction of one soil-test P value from the other.


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