Italian ryegrass swards reduce N leaching via greater N uptake and lower drainage over perennial ryegrass cultivars varying in cool season growth rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. R. Maxwell ◽  
Roger D. McLenaghen ◽  
Grant R. Edwards ◽  
Hong J. Di ◽  
Keith C. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Cool Season

scholarly journals Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Thomas Serensits ◽  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.

scholarly journals Persistence of Overseeded Cool-Season Grasses in Bermudagrass Turf

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Thomas Serensits ◽  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Cool-season grass species are commonly overseeded into bermudagrass turf for winter color. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring; however, it becomes a weed. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian (annual) ryegrass, intermediate ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Perennial ryegrass, intermediate ryegrass, and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally persisted the most one year after seeding, either because of summer survival of plants or because of new germination the following fall. Plant counts one year after seeding were greater in the higher seeding rate treatment compared to the lower seeding treatment rate of perennial ryegrass, suggesting new germination had occurred. Plant counts one year after seeding plots with intermediate ryegrass or Italian ryegrass were attributed primarily to latent germination and not summer survival. Applications of foramsulfuron generally did not prevent overseeded species stand one year after seeding, supporting the conclusion of new germination. Although quality is less with intermediate ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year later.

The role of perennial ryegrass endophyte in Italian ryegrass

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Bruce Cooper ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Kathryn Panckhurst ◽  
Alison Popay ◽  
Tom Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
African Black ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Insect Attack

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrass (L. boucheanum) have reliable establishment and high cool season growth, but varying persistence after the first summer. In Northland, there is increased stress on ryegrass from invertebrate insect attack. Selected strains of endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) have been identified that protect perennial ryegrass from invertebrate attack. Two of these endophyte strains (AR1 and AR37) were inoculated into two Italian ryegrass cultivars (Status and Corvette) and compared in a small plot agronomic trial with the same cultivars free or low in the naturally-occurring endophyte N. occultans. From April 2004 to June 2005, ryegrass plots with these endophyte-cultivar combinations were measured for dry matter yields and plant survival under summer/autumn insect pressure in Northland. In autumn/winter 2005, novel endophytes resulted in greater plant survival and yield advantages (82%) than the same cultivars with no/low N. occultans endophyte. These effects were consistent across cultivars. Increased agronomic performance corresponded with lower damage from African black beetle larvae (Heteronychus arator). This result has implications for extending the persistence and potential yields of Italian/hybrid ryegrass pastures subject to pest attack.

scholarly journals Differences in nitrogen uptake and marginal yield response between low and high yielding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) genotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
M. Harmer ◽  
C. Farlow ◽  
A.V. Stewart ◽  
D.R. Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
N Use

Abstract Current nitrogen (N) use recommendations for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were derived from the response of historic genotypes certified or bred between 1930 and 1970. Despite significant increase in the yield of modern cultivars in seasons of lower forage growth (late spring through winter), no existing research considers the impact of this on N response functions or N uptake characteristics. In light of this a multi-year genotype by N rate trial was established. Data analysed confirms significant differences exist in the slope and intercept of genotype N response functions. Higher yielding modern cultivars had more than twice the marginal response to N of old genotypes in summer and autumn in addition they also yielded more when no N fertiliser was applied. Nitrogen uptake characteristics of higher yielding cultivars in the first winter were significantly greater than low yielding genotypes, thus they may present a different N leaching risk than older genotypes. Farm-scale implications of these preliminary findings warrants consideration once a larger dataset is available for analysis. Keywords: pasture, nitrogen fertiliser, genetic gain, N leaching, nitrogen economics

scholarly journals New Zealand made controlled release coated urea increases winter growth rates of Italian ryegrass with lower N leaching than uncoated urea

2008 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
P.A. Bishop ◽  
H.Y. Liu ◽  
M.J. Hedley ◽  
P. Loganathan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Controlled Release Urea

In a field trial the application of 5 and 7% polyurethane coated controlled release urea, 10% dicyanodiamide coated urea and three x 50 split urea (SU) applications at 150 kg N/ha (150 N) increased winter pasture dry matter (DM) production of Italian ryegrass over the June-September period by between 1666 to 2240 kg DM/ha. These treatments also reduced nitrate leaching losses from 6.8 to 1 kg N/ha compared to urea (U). Keywords: controlled release urea, nitrogen utilisation, pasture, ryegrass

NLEAP Computer Model and Multiple Linear Regression Prediction of Nitrate Leaching in Vegetable Systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hudson Minshew ◽  
John Selker ◽  
Delbert Hemphill ◽  
Richard P. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Crop N Uptake ◽  
Mlr Model

Predicting leaching of residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in wet climates is important for reducing risks of groundwater contamination and conserving soil N. The goal of this research was to determine the potential to use easily measurable or readily available soilclimatic-plant data that could be put into simple computer models and used to predict NO3 leaching under various management systems. Two computer programs were compared for their potential to predict monthly NO3-N leaching losses in western Oregon vegetable systems with or without cover crops. The models were a statistical multiple linear regression (MLR) model and the commercially available Nitrate Leaching and Economical Analysis Package model (NLEAP 1.13). The best MLR model found using stepwise regression to predict annual leachate NO3-N had four independent variables (log transformed fall soil NO3-N, leachate volume, summer crop N uptake, and N fertilizer rate) (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.57). Comparisons were made between NLEAP and field data for mass of NO3-N leached between the months of September and May from 1992 to 1997. Predictions with NLEAP showed greater correlation to observed data during high-rainfall years compared to dry or averagerainfall years. The model was found to be sensitive to yield estimates, but vegetation management choices were limiting for vegetable crops and for systems that included a cover crop.

scholarly journals Biosolids Benefit Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Winter Cereals without Excess Risk of N Leaching

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1482
Author(s):  
Silvia Pampana ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Iduna Arduini
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Winter Cereals

Winter cereals are excellent candidates for biosolid application because their nitrogen (N) requirement is high, they are broadly cultivated, and their deep root system efficiently takes up mineral N. However, potential N leaching from BS application can occur in Mediterranean soils. A two-year study was conducted to determine how biosolids affect biomass and grain yield as well as N uptake and N leaching in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch). Cereals were fertilized at rates of 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha−1 dry weight (called B5, B10, and B15, respectively) of biosolids (BS). Mineral-fertilized (MF) and unfertilized (C) controls were included. Overall, results highlight that BS are valuable fertilizers for winter cereals as these showed higher yields with BS as compared to control. Nevertheless, whether 5 Mg ha−1 of biosolids could replace mineral fertilization still depended on the particular cereal due to the different yield physiology of the crops. Moreover, nitrate leaching from B5 was comparable to MF, and B15 increased the risk by less than 30 N-NO3 kg ha−1. We therefore concluded that with specific rate settings, biosolid application can sustain yields of winter cereals without significant additional N leaching as compared to MF.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Leaching and Nitrogen Balance under Differing Nitrogen Fertilization for Sugarcane Cultivation on a Subtropical Island

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Shinkichi Goto ◽  
Toshihiko Anzai ◽  
Shotaro Ando
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Fertilizer application during sugarcane cultivation is a main source of nitrogen (N) loads to groundwater on small islands in southwestern Japan. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing the N fertilizer application rate on sugarcane yield, N leaching, and N balance. We conducted a sugarcane cultivation experiment with drainage lysimeters and different N application rates in three cropping seasons (three years). N loads were reduced by reducing the first N application rate in all cropping seasons. The sugarcane yields of the treatment to which the first N application was halved (T2 = 195 kg ha−1 N) were slightly lower than those of the conventional application (T1 = 230 kg ha−1 N) in the first and third seasons (T1 = 91 or 93 tons ha−1, T2 = 89 or 87 tons ha−1). N uptake in T1 and T2 was almost the same in seasons 1 (186–188 kg ha−1) and 3 (147–151 kg ha−1). Based on the responses of sugarcane yield and N uptake to fertilizer reduction in two of the three years, T2 is considered to represent a feasible fertilization practice for farmers. The reduction of the first N fertilizer application reduced the underground amounts of N loads (0–19 kg ha−1). However, application of 0 N in the first fertilization would lead to a substantial reduction in yield in all seasons. Reducing the amount of N in the first application (i.e., replacing T1 with T2) improved N recovery by 9.7–11.9% and reduced N leaching by 13 kg ha−1. These results suggest that halving the amount of N used in the first application can improve N fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N loss to groundwater.

Characterisation of the WSC fraction of six species of temperate pasture grass

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
J. C. Ince ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
A. J. Cairns ◽  
M. Moore–Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Field Plots

The carbohydrate (CHO) fraction of pasture grasses is a major source of energy for many domestic herbivores. However, the amounts, and types, of the water–soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction (i.e. glucose, fructose, sucrose, and polymers of sucrose and fructose, the fructans) present in such grasses, varies with species and environmental conditions. As the WSC constitute a highly digestible, energy yielding fraction of grasses, it is important to be able to measure their levels in a sward so that the diets of pastured animals may be designed to elicit optimal health and productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the WSC profile of six UK pasture grasses, and to develop a technique for extracting the fructan portion of the WSC.Six species of UK pasture grasses [Cocksfoot (C), Timothy (T), Meadow Fescue (M), Italian Ryegrass (IR), Perennial Ryegrass (PR) and Hybrid Ryegrass (HR)] were grown in experimental field plots at IGER.

scholarly journals Undersowing Italian ryegrass diminishes nitrogen leaching from spring barley

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LEMOLA ◽  
E. TURTOLA ◽  
C. ERIKSSON
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
Water Well ◽  
Water Spring

Nitrogen (N) leaching from spring barley with and without undersown Italian ryegrass was studied in Jokioinen, south-western Finland during five years (summer 1993–spring 1998) in 1.7 m deep lysimeters (Ø0.9 m) filled to 1.1 m with clay, silt, sand and peat soil. Tillage was performed in mid- October or in May, before sowing of the barley and ryegrass for the next season. In the second, third and fourth years of the experiment, total N leaching from barley without undersown ryegrass was 15, 7.9,32 and 38 kg ha-1 y-1 in clay, silt, sand and peat soil, respectively. Undersowing reduced N leaching by 52,31,68 and 27%. The reduction in N leaching from clay and sand when barley was undersown with ryegrass was nearly the same as the increased total uptake of N (barley +ryegrass).In sand soil, ryegrass was able to diminish the NO 3-N concentration of the drainage water well below the limit for acceptable drinking water. Spring tillage reduced N leaching only on peat soil (16%). Slight competition between the main and the undersown crop was indicated by lower N contents of the barley yield.;

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document