Promoting six-month exclusive breastfeeding: an examination of social norms messaging and outcome expectations

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jie Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Outcome Expectations

scholarly journals Insights on exclusive breastfeeding norms in Kinshasa: findings from a qualitative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine E. Wood ◽  
Anastasia J. Gage ◽  
Dieudonné Bidashimwa
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World Health ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background For optimal growth and development, the World Health Organization recommends that children be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. However, according to the nationally-representative 2013–2014 Demographic and Health Survey, under 50% of babies in the Democratic Republic of Congo are exclusively breastfed. Although breastfeeding was common in the capital city of Kinshasa, one in five newborns received alternatives to breastmilk during the first 3 days of life. This analysis aimed to identify social norms influencing exclusive breastfeeding, the role of a young first-time mother’s (FTM’s) social network for her choice to exclusively breastfeed, and perceived social sanctions associated with breastfeeding practices in Kinshasa. Methods The qualitative analysis was based on a vignette presented during 14 focus group discussions, with a purposively selected sample (n = 162) of FTMs age 15–24, and the male partners, mothers and mothers-in-law of FTMs age 15–24 in three health zones in Kinshasa in 2017. Thematic content analysis was performed to identify concepts and patterns in the participants’ discussions. Results Overall, community norms were not supportive of exclusive breastfeeding. The main barriers to exclusive breastfeeding were the belief held by most FTMs that exclusive breastfeeding was an uncommon practice; the desire to avoid negative sanctions such as name-calling and mockery for refusal to give babies water in the first 6 months of life; the desire to please key members of their social networks, specifically their mothers and friends, by doing what these influencers expected or preferred them to do; FTMs’ own lack of experience with infant feeding; and trust placed in their mothers and friends. Conclusion Social norms can be maintained by the belief about what others do, perceived expectations about what individuals ought to do, the negative sanctions they can face and their preference to conform to social expectations. Thus, addressing cultural beliefs and targeting sensitization efforts to key influencers that provide support to FTMs are needed to promote exclusive breastfeeding in Kinshasa. In doing so, strategies should address the barriers to exclusive breastfeeding including related misconceptions, and improve FTMs’ self-efficacy to overcome the influence of others.

scholarly journals Upaya Peningkatan Capaian Pemberian ASI Eksklusif (Pendekatan Social Cognitive)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Martha Ariana Wijayanti ◽  
Binti Maratus Sholikhah ◽  
Ernawaty Ernawaty
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Efficacy Outcome

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, socio-structural factors, and intention on the behavior of the infant-mother (6-24 months) in exclusive breastfeeding. The research design used was observational with a cross-sectional approach. This study indicates that the variables that affect the mother's intention to provide exclusive breastfeeding are socio-structural factors (p = 0.016). Respondents who choose to provide exclusive breastfeeding will have the behavior of giving exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.003). In contrast, self-efficacy (p = 0.340) and outcome expectations (p = 0.682) do not affect the mother's intention. Likewise, the mother's exclusive breastfeeding behavior was not influenced by self-efficacy (p = 0.294) and outcome expectations (p = 0.586). In conclusion, the factors that influence a mother's exclusive breastfeeding behavior are intention and socistructural factors.   Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding, Cognitive Social Approach

HIV Testing Outcome Expectations and Social Norms Measure

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R. Glasman ◽  
Lance S. Weinhardt ◽  
Wayne DiFranceisco ◽  
Kristin L. Hackl
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Outcome Expectations

scholarly journals The role of issue familiarity and social norms: findings on new college students’ alcohol use intentions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv N. Rimal ◽  
Saar Mollen
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Consumption Intentions ◽  
Behavioral Issue ◽  
Design And Methods

<em>Background</em>. Scholars in a variety of disciplines are interested in understanding the conditions under which social norms affect human behavior. Following the distinction made between descriptive and injunctive norms by the focus theory of normative conduct, the theory of normative social behavior predicts that the influence of descriptive norms on behavior is moderated by injunctive norms, outcome expectations, and group identity. We extended the theory by testing the proposition that the influence of descriptive norms on behavior would be greater under conditions of greater issue familiarity, defined as the ease with which one can cognitively access the behavior or behavioral issue. <em>Design and Methods</em>. The model was tested in the domain of alcohol consumption intentions by conducting a survey among incoming students (n=719) to a large university in the United States. Data indicated that students in the sample were well representative of the university population. <em>Results</em>. The influence of descriptive norms on behavioral intentions was moderated by issue familiarity, as predicted. Familiarity was a facilitator of behavior: the influence of descriptive norms on behavioral intentions was greater under conditions of high, rather than low, familiarity. The overall model explained 53% of the variance in alcohol consumption intentions. <em>Conclusions</em>. Public health interventions promoting health behaviors need to take into account the extent to which the behaviors are familiar to the target audience. The influence of norms appears to be weaker when the behavior is unfamiliar or novel. Implications for theory and interventions for reducing alcohol consumption are discussed.

Cooperation and obligation in early parent-child relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross A. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Social Agency ◽  
Infant Survival ◽  
Peer Experiences ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
Early Parent ◽  
Collaborative Skills ◽  
Parent Child Relationships

Abstract Tomasello's moral psychology of obligation would be developmentally deepened by greater attention to early experiences of cooperation and shared social agency between parents and infants, evolved to promote infant survival. They provide a foundation for developing understanding of the mutual obligations of close relationships that contribute (alongside peer experiences) to growing collaborative skills, fairness expectations, and fidelity to social norms.

Barriers to Physical Activity in Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Langguth ◽  
Tanja Könen ◽  
Simone Matulis ◽  
Regina Steil ◽  
Caterina Gawrilow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Multidimensional Approach ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Tailored Interventions ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Age Range

During adolescence, physical activity (PA) decreases with potentially serious, long-term consequences for physical and mental health. Although barriers have been identified as an important PA correlate in adults, research on adolescents’ PA barriers is lacking. Thus reliable, valid scales to measure adolescents’ PA barriers are needed. We present two studies describing a broad range of PA barriers relevant to adolescents with a multidimensional approach. In Study 1, 124 adolescents (age range = 12 – 24 years) reported their most important PA barriers. Two independent coders categorized those barriers. The most frequent PA barriers were incorporated in a multidimensional questionnaire. In Study 2, 598 adolescents (age range = 13 – 21 years) completed this questionnaire and reported their current PA, intention, self-efficacy, and negative outcome expectations. Seven PA barrier dimensions (leisure activities, lack of motivation, screen-based sedentary behavior, depressed mood, physical health, school workload, and preconditions) were confirmed in factor analyses. A multidimensional approach to measuring PA barriers in adolescents is reliable and valid. The current studies provide the basis for developing individually tailored interventions to increase PA in adolescents.

The Structure Among Measures of Personality, Social Attitudes, Values, and Social Norms

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazar Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Correlation Matrix ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Ethnic Group Differences ◽  
Inside Out

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a study that employed measures of personality, social attitudes, values, and social norms that have been the focus of recent research in individual differences. These measures were given to a sample of participants (N = 1,255) who were enrolled at 25 US colleges and universities. Factor analysis of the correlation matrix produced four factors. Three of these factors corresponded to the domains of Personality/Amoral Social Attitudes, Values, and Social Norms; one factor, Conservatism, cut across the domains. Cognitive ability showed negative correlation with conservatism and amoral social attitudes. The study also examined gender and ethnic group differences on factor scores. The overall interpretation of the findings is consistent with the inside-out view of human social interactions.

Accentuating Your Masculine Side

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongzeng Bi ◽  
Oscar Ybarra ◽  
Yufang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Agency And Communion

Recent research investigating self-judgment has shown that people are more likely to base their evaluations of self on agency-related traits than communion-related traits. In the present research, we tested the hypothesis that agency-related traits dominate self-evaluation by expanding the purview of the fundamental dimensions to consider characteristics typically studied in the gender-role literature, but that nevertheless should be related to agency and communion. Further, we carried out these tests on two samples from China, a cultural context that, relative to many Western countries, emphasizes the interpersonal or communion dimension. Despite the differences in traits used and cultural samples studied, the findings generally supported the agency dominates self-esteem perspective, albeit with some additional findings in Study 2. The findings are discussed with regard to the influence of social norms and the types of inferences people are able to draw about themselves given such norms.

Prejudiced Jokes and Social Norms: What's Offensive and What's Funny?

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie T. O'Brien ◽  
Amy K. Eshleman ◽  
Christian S. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms
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