Research Progress of circRNAs in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Diabetic Retinopathy: An Emerging Star with Potential Therapeutic Targets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Shuai He ◽  
Chufeng Gu ◽  
Tong Su ◽  
Qinghua Qiu
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yanan Jiang ◽  
Xiuyun Shen ◽  
Moyondafoluwa Blessing Fasae ◽  
Fengnan Zhi ◽  
Lu Chai ◽  
...  

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common and lethal form of cancer worldwide. However, its diagnosis and treatment are still dissatisfactory, due to limitations in the understanding of its pathogenic mechanism. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets for HCC. Circadian rhythm-related genes control a variety of biological processes. These genes play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of HCC and are potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This review gives an update on the research progress of circadian rhythms, their effects on the initiation, progression, and prognosis of HCC, in a bid to provide new insights for the research and treatment of HCC.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sher Zaman Safi ◽  
Rajes Qvist ◽  
Selva Kumar ◽  
Kalaivani Batumalaie ◽  
Ikram Shah Bin Ismail

The growing number of people with diabetes worldwide suggests that diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) will continue to be sight threatening factors. The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is a widespread cause of visual impairment in the world and a range of hyperglycemia-linked pathways have been implicated in the initiation and progression of this condition. Despite understanding the polyol pathway flux, activation of protein kinase C (KPC) isoforms, increased hexosamine pathway flux, and increased advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation, pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetes induced vision loss are not fully understood. The purpose of this paper is to review molecular mechanisms that regulate cell survival and apoptosis of retinal cells and discuss new and exciting therapeutic targets with comparison to the old and inefficient preventive strategies. This review highlights the recent advancements in understanding hyperglycemia-induced biochemical and molecular alterations, systemic metabolic factors, and aberrant activation of signaling cascades that ultimately lead to activation of a number of transcription factors causing functional and structural damage to retinal cells. It also reviews the established interventions and emerging molecular targets to avert diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wenjun Sha ◽  
Song Wen ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Bilin Xu ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
...  

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most serious complications of diabetic microangiopathy. DR has an early onset and is not easy to detect. When visual impairment occurs, the optimal period for therapy is often missed. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of DR should start from the early stage of diabetes. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) is a new antidiabetic drug which is mainly used in clinical practice to control blood glucose of patients with type 2 diabetes prone to develop chronic heart failure. Recent studies have found that SGLT2 is also expressed in the human retina. Now, the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy with SGLT2i while reducing blood sugar has become a new research field. Hence, this article reviewed the recent therapeutic and research progress of SGLT2 in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Yao ◽  
Danli Xin ◽  
Zongyi Zhan ◽  
Zijing Li

Abstract Background Compound Xueshuantong capsule (CXC) and Hexuemingmu tablet (HXMMT) are two important Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) frequently used to treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), especially when complicated with vitreous hemorrhage (VH). However, a network pharmacology approach to understand the therapeutic mechanisms of these two CPMs in PDR has not been applied. The aim of the study was to identify differences in active ingredients between CXC and HXMMT and to comparatively predict and further analyze the molecular targets shared by these CPMs and PDR. Materials and methods The differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) between normal retinal tissues in healthy individuals and active fibrovascular membranes in PDR patients were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The active ingredients of CXC and HXMMT and the targets of these ingredients were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. The intersections of the CPM (CXC and HXMMT) targets and PDR targets were determined. Then, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed, and the ingredient-target networks, protein-protein interaction networks and KEGG-target (KEGG-T) networks were constructed. Results There CXC contains 4 herbal drugs in CXC, and HXMMT contains 19. Radix salviae is the only herbal drug common to both. CXC had 34 potential therapeutic targets in PDR, while HXMMT had these 34 and 10 additional targets. Both CPMs shared the following main processes: response to reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, regulation of blood vessel diameter and size, vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, hemostasis and blood coagulation. The shared pathways included the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway, relaxin signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, etc. Conclusions Both CXC and HXMMT include components effective in treating PDR. Radix salviae, the only herbal drug common to both CPMs, contains many useful active ingredients. HXMMT has more therapeutic targets shared by different active ingredients and more abundant gene functions than CXC. Moreover, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications was the most significantly enriched pathway in both networks. However, these findings should be verified through further research.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vindeirinho ◽  
A. R. Santiago ◽  
C. Cavadas ◽  
A. F. Ambrósio ◽  
P. F. Santos

The neurodegenerative and inflammatory environment that is prevalent in the diabetic eye is a key player in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. The adenosinergic system is widely regarded as a significant modulator of neurotransmission and the inflammatory response, through the actions of the four types of adenosine receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R), and thus could be revealed as a potential player in the events unfolding in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. Herein, we review the studies that explore the impact of diabetic conditions on the retinal adenosinergic system, as well as the role of the said system in ameliorating or exacerbating those conditions. The experimental results described suggest that this system is heavily affected by diabetic conditions and that the modulation of its components could reveal potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, particularly in the early stages of the disease.


2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 968-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-min Li ◽  
Hong-mei Zhou ◽  
Xiang-yang Xu ◽  
He-shui Shi

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Gardner ◽  
David A. Antonetti ◽  
Alistair J. Barber ◽  
Kathryn F. Lanoue ◽  
Makoto Nakamura

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