From the ‘New Country’ to the Holy Land: Two Norwegian-American Pilgrims’ Encounters in the Middle East

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Ida Sofie Nitter
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Holy Land

scholarly journals Metropolitan Philaret (Drozdov) and Russian Сhurch Policy in the Holy Land in the 1850s–1860s

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Irina Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Church Policy

The issues raised in the article refer to the problems of Church diplomacy of Russia and other great powers in the Middle East in the 1850–1860’s when Russian diplomacy, both secular and church, faced the task of developing new approaches, first of all, in shaping the sphere of Russian interests in the Middle and Far East. Church policy of Russia in the Christian East in the 1850s–1860s is observed through the prism of the position of the Metropolitan of Moscow Filaret (Drozdov, 1782–1867), an outstanding church figure whose position determined the development of Russian church presence abroad not only in the Holy Land, but also in China and North America. The role of Metropolitan Filaret is presented in the forefront of such issues as the development of inter-church relations between the Russian Church with the Patriarchates of the East, the formation of the concept of Russian-Greek, Russian-Arab and Russian-Slavic relations, the interaction and contradictions of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission and the Russian consulate in Jerusalem.

Prelude

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Steve Tibble
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Crusader States

This chapter describes a time before strategy, when the lands of the Middle East were intensely fractured, and trust and loyalty were scarce commodities. It looks at a time when self-interest was paramount and where chaos was so ingrained that an entire life could be lived without knowing anything else. It also talks about wars that are guided by politics, driven by policy objectives, and implemented through strategy but often lost in the rushed outpouring of human actions and emotions. The chapter discusses the liberation of Jerusalem and the end of the First Crusade, where most of the original crusaders returned home and some remained to defend the Holy Land. It also includes the four political entities that are collectively known as the “crusader states”: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.

scholarly journals “Certainly Getting About the World”: New Zealanders’ Experience of the Middle East as a Place During the Second World War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh King
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
World War ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World ◽  
New Zealanders

New Zealand’s longest and most important campaign of the Second World War was in the Middle East. When New Zealand’s Middle Eastern war is discussed, the focus is usually on combat and the lives of New Zealanders on the battlefield. The limited discussion of life behind the lines is dominated by a picture of racism, drunkenness and debauchery with its focal point in Cairo. This article uses primary sources, including diaries, letters and soldier publications, and focusses on how New Zealanders saw the Middle East as a place, through the lenses of the desert, the city, the Holy Land and the ancient world. An examination of these topics reveals a complex and rich picture of respect and loathing, delight and disgust, wonder and disillusionment. Such a picture shows that the one-dimensional understanding of racism and poor behaviour is an entirely inadequate representation of New Zealanders’ Middle Eastern war.

Church–State Relations in Palestine: Empires, Arab Nationalism and the Indigenous Greek Orthodox, 1880–1940

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Kuruvilla
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
Political Cooperation ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
State Relations

The need to negotiate and resolve ethno-nationalistic aspirations on the part of dependent and subject communities of faith-believers is a complex issue. The Ottoman Empire formed a classic case in this context. This article is a historical-political reflection on a small group of Christians within the broader Arab and ‘Greek’ Christian milieu that once formed the backbone of the earlier Byzantine and later Ottoman empires. The native Arab Orthodox of Palestine in the twilight years of the Ottoman Empire found themselves in a struggle between their religious affiliations with Mediterranean Greek Orthodoxy and Western Christendom as opposed to the then ascendant star of nationalist pan-Arabism in the Middle East. The supersession of the Ottoman Empire by the British colonial Mandatory system in Palestine and the loss of imperial Russian support for the Arab Orthodox in the Holy Land naturally meant that they relied more on social and political cooperation with their fellow Palestinian Muslims. This was to counter the dominance extended by the ethnic Greek ecclesiastical hierarchy in the Holy Land over the historically Arab Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem with support from elements within the Greek Republic and the British Mandatory authorities.

scholarly journals Nineteenth century Middle East through photographs : examining two photographic albums

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghorbankarimi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean

This thesis examines and compares two nineteenth-century photographic albums of travels in the Middle East from the collection of George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film. The first album, compiled of amateur photographs, illustrates a trip up the Nile River from Egypt to Nubia. The other album is composed of commercial photographs depicting a journey from the Mediterranean to Algeria, with focus on the Holy Land. The commercial photographs are idealized and posed, while the amateur photographs are fresh, realistic, and capture the world as it is. However, these two albums both portray the Middle East as uncivilized, culturally backward, and frozen in antiquity and its people are depicted as primitive and or sexual objects. This misrepresentation is the result of the preconceived notions of the nineteenth-century Middle East created by Orientalist scholars.

scholarly journals Russia in the Holy Land. Figures and Institutions of Russian Palestine (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Irina Smirnova ◽  
Ritta Butova
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
The Political ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Middle East Policy

Russian Palestine is not only a unique religious phenomenon that encompasses a complex infrastructure of Russian churches, monasteries, lands and farmsteads, but also the political, spiritual, scientific and humanitarian presence of Russia in the Holy Land in its entirety. That is, the writings by the Russian diplomats, officials of consulates and embassies, representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church (Mount of Olives Ascension Monastery, Gorny Convent and Gethsemane monastery, clerical pilgrims), the royal family and the ruling elite (august pilgrims, benefactors, governors of the Middle East policy), figures of the Palestinian Committee (1859–1864), the Palestinian Commission (1864–1889), the Russian Orthodox Mission in Jerusalem (1847–2010), the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (1882), pilgrims and travellers of the 19th–20th centuries, writers, artists, architects and orientalists. The study’s goal is to bridge significant gaps in the national historiography by presenting the most complete overview of the history, heritage, and contributions of Russia and Russian people to the culture of the Orthodox East – the present-day peoples of Israel and Palestine. As part of these studies, the authors will issue an academic compendium of Russian institutions and public figures who have contributed to strengthening ties between Russia and the Middle East.

Sławna pielgrzymka do Jerozolimy ciągnąca się przez trzy znakomitsze części świata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Stanisław Wolski
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Latin Description ◽  
The Way

The Polish translation of the Latin description of the journey by Tomasz Stanisław Wolski (born 1700, died probably after 1766) was based on the printed version of his account ("Illustris Peregrinatio Ierosolimitana latius protracta per tres insigniores mundi partes...,"), which first appeared in print in 1737 in Lwów, and then it was published three more times: in 1748, 1764, and 1766. Wolski came from the Sieradz Voivodeship nobility, and it is known that he was born in Uniejów. The source presents a brief outline of the author's life until 1725, and more extensive descriptions of his travels abroad from 1724 to 1731. First, in 1724-1725, he travelled to Italy, then he made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and Egypt in 1725-1726. In 1728, he travelled to France and England. Finally, in 1729-1731, he gave an account of his journey through several cities in Italy, the Aegean Sea and Istanbul, from where he returned to Poland. He also recorded his next journey to Vienna and Rome, and then back to Vienna. Wolski's narrative is an example of travel prose of the 18th century, a typical Old Polish account of a journey. It contains many interesting descriptions of events, including sensational threads and observations made about people encountered along the way. The author presented a lot of information about sailing in the Mediterranean Sea and the hardships encountered by travellers in the Holy Land. His book also provides a lot of information on religious issues in the places visited around Europe and the Middle East.

Book Reviews

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-137
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Life Review ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Policy Review ◽  
The Military

Meron Benvenisti, Son of the Cypresses: Memories and Regrets from a Political Life Review by Ruth AmirGadi Ben Ezer, The Migration Journey: The Ethiopian Jewish Exodus Review by Marian ReiffUri Bialer, Cross on the Star of David: The Christian Word in Israel’s Foreign Policy—1967 Review by Neville LamdanJakob Feldt, The Israeli Memory Struggle: History and Identity in the Age of Globalization Review by Uri RamEsther Fuchs, ed., Israeli Women’s Studies: A Reader Review by Harriet HartmanDavid Hulme, Identity, Ideology and the Future of Jerusalem Review by Ned LazarusEdy Kaufman, Walid Salem, and Juliette Verhoeven, eds., Bridging the Divide: Peacebuilding in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Review by Sarah E. YerkesZeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel’s Security and Foreign Policy Review by Brent E. SasleyMichael B. Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy—America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present Review by Zvi Ra’ananYoram Peri, Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israeli Policy Review by David Tal

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