Equivalent complex impedance of n-order RLC network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Xiang Chen ◽  
Ming-Yue Wang ◽  
Wan-Jiao Chen ◽  
Xin-Yu Fang ◽  
Zhi-Zhong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Equivalent Complex

Respiratory resistance with histamine challenge by single-breath and forced oscillation methods

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Bates ◽  
M. Decramer ◽  
W. A. Zin ◽  
A. Harf ◽  
J. Milic-Emili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Forced Oscillation ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Lung Compartment ◽  
Equivalent Complex ◽  
Oscillation Method

Relaxed expirations were obtained from five anesthetized dogs under control conditions and during various rates of intravenous infusion of histamine. All volume vs. time curves obtained from 20 ms to 2 s after the start of expiration were poorly described by a single exponential function but were fitted very well by a biexponential function. The resistance of the respiratory system as a function of frequency from 2 to 26 Hz was also determined by the forced oscillation method in the same dogs. Three two-compartment models of the respiratory system were identified from the exponentials fitted to the relaxed expiration data, and the one that had the most plausible parameter values under control conditions consisted of a homogeneous lung compartment connected to a viscoelastic compartment. Although a two-compartment model is arguably appropriate for describing relaxed expirations in normal dogs, physiological considerations suggest that there should be more than two interacting components with histamine infusion. We cannot identify all these components from our data, however. The equivalent complex impedance of the respiratory system was also calculated from the biexponential curves and showed significant variation in resistance over the frequency range from 0 to 2 Hz and negligible variation above 2 Hz. The calculated resistances at 2 Hz were consistently higher than those obtained by the forced oscillation method, which may be due to the nonlinear behavior of the respiratory system during relaxed expiration. We conclude that the single-breath and forced oscillation methods should be viewed as providing complimentary information about respiratory resistance.

An Experimental Study on Synchronizing Process of Synchronizer

2013 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1532-1539
Author(s):  
Zai Min Zhong ◽  
Qiang Lv ◽  
Xue Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Electrical Vehicle ◽  
Severe Mutation ◽  
Transition Criteria ◽  
Equivalent Complex ◽  
The Moment

Based on the establishment of each independent phase theoretical model during synchronizing process of synchronizer used in HEV (hybrid electrical vehicle), an experimental means to analyze that synchronizing process is put forward in this article. Firstly, alternative current impedance analyzer is adopted to obtain amplitude and phase angle information of equivalent complex impedance between engaged gear ring and synchronizing ring. There are significant changes between the obtained results when the phase transition happens. Therefore, the moment of each phase transition can be determined through the experimental data. Then, to verify the consistency of the experiment mentioned above, a series of experiments are conducted under different rotation speed differences between the driving and driven cone. The experimental results show that different rotation speed differences lead to different moments when the severe mutation of amplitude and phase angle of the equivalent complex impedance occurs. It demonstrates the validity of the experiment that the rotation speed difference which belongs to phase transition criteria has a certain influence on the phase transition process. Furthermore, it is quite consistent with the actual situation, which also verifies that the experimental method put forward in this article has certain reliability.

Proof and Application of Complex Impedance of Inductor and Capacitor

2014 ◽  
Vol 568-570 ◽  
pp. 1213-1216
Author(s):  
Sheng Guo Zhang ◽  
Xiao Ping Dang
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Laplace Transformation ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Active Circuit ◽  
In Series ◽  
Equivalent Complex ◽  
Circuit Networks ◽  
Laplace Transformation Method

This paper aims at proving the complex impedance of the inductor and capacitor elements and applying the proved complex impedance concept to directly obtain the transfer function model of the complicated circuit network. Based on Laplace Transformation method, the complex impedances of the inductor and capacitor elements are proved. Using the proved complex impedances and the equivalent complex impedances in series and in parallel, both the transfer functions of the passive and active circuit networks are modeled. This facilitates the transfer function modeling of the complicated circuit network very much.

Effect of MCl (M = Na, K) addition on microstructure and electrical conductivity of forsterite

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 10901
Author(s):  
Saloua El Asri ◽  
Hamid Ahamdane ◽  
Lahoucine Hajji ◽  
Mohamed El Hadri ◽  
Moulay Ahmed El Idrissi Raghni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Transmission Spectra ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Cation Type ◽  
Edx Analyses ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Forsterite single phase powder Mg2SiO4 was synthesized by sol–gel method alongside with heat treatment, using two different cation alkaline salts MCl as mineralizers (M = Na, K) with various mass percentages (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt.%). In this work, we report on the effect of the cation type and the added amount of used mineralizer on microstructure and electrical conductivity of Mg2SiO4. The formation of forsterite started at 680–740  °C and at 630–700  °C with KCl and NaCl respectively, as shown by TG-DTA and confirmed by XRD. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission spectra indicated bands corresponding to vibrations of forsterite structure. The morphology and elemental composition of sintered ceramics were examined by SEM-EDX analyses, while their densities, which were measured by Archimedes method, increased with addition of both alkaline salts. The electrical measurements were performed by Complex Impedance Spectroscopy. The results showed that electrical conductivity increased with the addition of both mineralizers, which was higher for samples prepared with NaCl than those prepared with KCl.

A UHF Compact Complex Impedance-transforming Balun with High Isolation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135-1144
Author(s):  
Kittipong Nithiporndecha ◽  
Chatrpol Pakasiri
Keyword(s):  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Output Port ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
Coupled Line ◽  
High Isolation ◽  
Line Structure ◽  
Source Impedance ◽  
Phase Balance ◽  
High Output

Background: A compact complex impedance-transforming balun for UHF frequencies, which is based on a coupled-line structure that matched all ports and provided high output port isolation, was designed in this paper. Methods: A lumped component transformation was used to minimize circuit size. The implemented circuit operated at 433 MHz with the reflection coefficients less than -16 dB at all ports, 0.22 dB amplitude balance and 180° phase balance at the output ports. The signal coupling between the output ports was -16.8 dB. The circuit size is small at 0.032λ. Results: Complex impedance-transforming baluns were designed to operate at 433 MHz. The source impedance at port 1 was set at Zs = 12 - j12Ω and the load impedances at port 2 and 3 were set at ZL = 80 + j30Ω. Conclusion: A compact complex impedance-transforming balun at UHF frequency, with all ports matched and high isolations, was designed and illustrated in this paper.

Primary involvement of K+ conductance in membrane resonance of trigeminal root ganglion neurons

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Puil ◽  
B. Gimbarzevsky ◽  
I. Spigelman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Trigeminal Root ◽  
Membrane Resonance ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Impedance Magnitude

1. The complex impedances and impedance magnitude functions were obtained from neurons in in vitro slices of trigeminal root ganglia using frequency-domain analyses of intracellularly recorded voltage responses to specified oscillatory input currents. A neuronal model derived from linearized Hodgkin-Huxley-like equations was used to fit the complex impedance data. This procedure yielded estimates for membrane electrical properties. 2. Membrane resonance was observed in the impedance magnitude functions of all investigated neurons at their initial resting membrane potentials and was similar to that reported previously for trigeminal root ganglion neurons in vivo. Tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M), a Na+-channel blocker, applied in the bathing medium for 20 min produced only minor changes, if any, in the resonance, although gross impairment of Na+-spike electrogenesis was apparent in most of the neurons. Brief applications (1-5 min) of a K+-channel blocker, tetraethylammonium (TEA; 10(-2) M), increased the impedance magnitude and abolished, in a reversible manner, the resonant behavior. In all cases, the resonant frequency was decreased by TEA administration prior to total blockade of resonance. 3. The TEA-induced blockade of resonance was associated with decreases in the estimates of the membrane conductances, without significant alterations of input capacitance. A particularly large decrease was observed in Gr, the time-invariant resting conductance that includes a lumped leak conductance component. The voltage- and time-dependent conductance, GL, and associated relaxation time constant, tau u, also declined progressively during administration of TEA. 4. Systematic variations in the membrane potentials of trigeminal root ganglion neurons were produced by intracellular injections of long-lasting step currents with superposition of the oscillatory current stimuli, in order to assess the effects of TEA on the relationship of the electrical properties to the membrane potential. Applications of TEA led to a depolarizing shift in the dependence of the membrane property estimates, suggesting voltage-dependence of the effects of TEA on presumed K+ channels in the membrane. 5. These data suggest a primary involvement of K+ conductance in the genesis of membrane resonance. This electrical behavior or its ionic mechanism is a major modulator of the subthreshold electrical responsiveness of trigeminal root ganglion neurons.

scholarly journals Near-Field Scanning Millimeter-Wave Microscope Operating Inside a Scanning Electron Microscope: Towards Quantitative Electrical Nanocharacterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2788
Author(s):  
Petr Polovodov ◽  
Didier Théron ◽  
Clément Lenoir ◽  
Dominique Deresmes ◽  
Sophie Eliet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Transverse Electromagnetic ◽  
Scanning Electron

The main objectives of this work are the development of fundamental extensions to existing scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) technology to achieve quantitative complex impedance measurements at the nanoscale. We developed a SMM operating up to 67 GHz inside a scanning electron microscope, providing unique advantages to tackle issues commonly found in open-air SMMs. Operating in the millimeter-wave frequency range induces high collimation of the evanescent electrical fields in the vicinity of the probe apex, resulting in high spatial resolution and enhanced sensitivity. Operating in a vacuum allows for eliminating the water meniscus on the tip apex, which remains a critical issue to address modeling and quantitative analysis at the nanoscale. In addition, a microstrip probing structure was developed to ensure a transverse electromagnetic mode as close as possible to the tip apex, drastically reducing radiation effects and parasitic apex-to-ground capacitances with available SMM probes. As a demonstration, we describe a standard operating procedure for instrumentation configuration, measurements and data analysis. Measurement performance is exemplarily shown on a staircase microcapacitor sample at 30 GHz.

scholarly journals Impedance Spectroscopic Study of Nickel Sulfide Nanostructures Deposited by Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1105
Author(s):  
Sadia Iram ◽  
Azhar Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Fahad Ehsan ◽  
Asad Mumtaz ◽  
Manzar Sohail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Nickel Sulfide ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Model ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Impedance Plot ◽  
Vapor Deposition Technique

This research aims to synthesize the Bis(di-isobutyldithiophosphinato) nickel (II) complex [Ni(iBu2PS2)] to be employed as a substrate for the deposition of nickel sulfide nanostructures, and to investigate its dielectric and impedance characteristics for applications in the electronic industry. Various analytical tools including elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR, and TGA were also used to further confirm the successful synthesis of the precursor. NiS nanostructures were grown on the glass substrates by employing an aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) technique via successful decomposition of the synthesized complex under variable temperature conditions. XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX methods were well applied to examine resultant nanostructures. Dielectric studies of NiS were carried out at room temperature within the 100 Hz to 5 MHz frequency range. Maxwell-Wagner model gave a complete explanation of the variation of dielectric properties along with frequency. The reason behind high dielectric constant values at low frequency was further endorsed by Koops phenomenological model. The efficient translational hopping and futile reorientation vibration caused the overdue exceptional drift of ac conductivity (σac) along with the rise in frequency. Two relaxation processes caused by grains and grain boundaries were identified from the fitting of a complex impedance plot with an equivalent circuit model (Rg Cg) (Rgb Qgb Cgb). Asymmetry and depression in the semicircle having center present lower than the impedance real axis gave solid justification of dielectric behavior that is non-Debye in nature.

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