scholarly journals Using Linear Equations Approach to Formulate Balanced and Least-Cost Ration for Dairy Cattl

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012089
Author(s):  
Sary Mahir Ailia Shaawi ◽  
Noor Ezat Jalil Astefan
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The main objective of this study was to find an effective way to use linear equations for the purpose of creating a balanced ration at the lowest possible cost for dairy cattle by using linear equations and solving these equations through the Solver tool provided by MS-Excel. Samples of barley, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal and wheat straw were collected from the local markets and the necessary chemical analyzes were performed for them. after that the mathematical formulas of the linear equations were developed according to the specified constraints for crude protein ratio, value of metabolizable energy and the percentage of each calcium and phosphorus, which meets the needs of a medium-production dairy cow (15 kg) and weighting (650 kg). then the data was entered into Microsoft Excel and the equations were solved by Solver tool. The results showed a superior ability of linear equations to solve the problems consisting of several variables where the feed was formed by mixing barley, Corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, wheat hay, calcium phosphate and salt in proportions ( 5, 17.91, 50, 10.76, 13.66, 1.64 and 1) respectively, The cost of the feed mixture was (268.6 $/ton), which is the lowest possible cost for a ration that meets the required needs, linear programming will provide the animal breeders efficiency with the highest production by reducing the costs and balancing of the ration through the steps described in the search.

The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF MEALS AND MEAL FRACTIONS DERIVED FROM RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. SARWAR ◽  
J. M. BELL ◽  
T. F. SHARBY ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Energy Fraction

Low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) (B. napus 'Bronowski'), rapeseed meal fractions (hulls, detailed meal, dehulled and water-washed meal, lyophilized water extract) derived from Bronowski and from a high glucosinolate rapeseed (B. napus 'Oro'), yellow mustard (B. hirta) hulls and meal were subjected to chemical and nutritional evaluations. Oat hulls and soybean meal were included for comparison. Proximate, amino acid and glucosinolate analyses and feeding experiments were conducted. The processed meals, hulls and extracts were included in diets to provide 8, 12 and 16% dietary crude protein in conjunction with a purified basal fraction containing 5% casein. The toxic effects of glucosinolates fed with active myrosinase were confirmed. Glucosinolates included in soybean meal (SBM) control diets were innocuous. Removal of rapeseed hulls increased digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein contents, but the inclusion of the hulls in high energy, non-rapeseed meal (RSM) diets had no adverse effects on growth of mice or efficiency of feed utilization. Dehulled RSM had lower DE than SBM, partly due to lower digestibility of the non-hull, non-protein energy fraction. Dehulling increased the protein content of RSM, decreased the lysine content of the protein and improved the digestibility of protein. Protein quality tests (Protein Efficiency Ratio and Apparent Biological Value) showed protein of RSM to be equal to that of soybean meal.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy and net energy content of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, fish meal and soybean oil for broilers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
Juan Moscoso-Muñoz ◽  
Oscar Gomez-Quispe ◽  
Victor Guevara-Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy

scholarly journals Validating prediction equations of metabolizable energy of soybean meal for growing pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4541
Author(s):  
Tiago Junior Pasquetti ◽  
Paulo Cesar Pozza ◽  
Newton Tavares Escocard de Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽  
Doglas Batista Lazzeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

The aim of this study was to evaluate equations to predict the metabolizable energy (ME) of soybean meal (SBM) for swine. Seven SBM were used, which were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, calcium, phosphorus, solubility in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and urease index. To determine the ME of SBM, 32 barrows, with an average initial weight of 29.01 ± 3.64 kg, were used and distributed in a randomized blocks design, with seven treatments and four replicates. To validate the prediction equations, linear regression models were adjusted, using observed values of ME (metabolism trial) as a function of the estimated ME (obtained by applying the chemical composition of the SBM in selected equations found in the literature). The existence of regression was evaluated by the “t” test, partially applied to each parameter (?0 and ?1). The validation of the prediction models of first degree was obtained by accepting the joint null hypothesis ?0 = 0 and ?1 = 1. The equations ME = 5.42 - 17.2FDN - 19.4MM + 0.709GE and ME= 1099 + 0.740GE - 5.5MM - 3.7NDF are effective for estimating the ME of SBM for growing pigs.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IN CANNING OF ALFALFA

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Ирек Бикчантаев ◽  
Irek Bikchantaev ◽  
Шамиль Шакиров ◽  
Shamil' Shakirov ◽  
Фаниль Вафин ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Biological Preparation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Natural Way

Preservation of green mass of plants is an ancient method, which was used to preserve the nutritional value of feed in hermetic conditions. Enzymatic processes in the green mass of plants occur in a natural way due to the epiphytic microflora, which under anaerobic conditions begin to actively multiply and produce lactic acid. This acid is a good natural preservative, which lowers the pH of the medium to the acidic side (up to 3.8-4.2), contributing to a decrease in the vital activity of pathogenic microflora, thereby positively affecting the quality of canned voluminous juicy feed. Currently, in the world practice in the procurement of voluminous succulent feeds, various preservatives are actively used in combination with the withering of the green mass of plants. At the same time, the economic effectiveness of their use depends on external factors, moisture and chemical composition of phytomass, the cost of preservatives used. In this regard, this article considers a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the influence of various biologics in preserving the green mass of alfalfa, as domestic production (Ferbak-Sil (Kazan), Bioamid-3 (Saratov), Biotroph (St. Petersburg) and the foreign one (Sil-Oll (Great Britain)) under laboratory conditions, the positive effect of biological preparations on the preservation of nutrients was established. Among the tested preservatives, Biotrof biological preparation distinguished itself stimulated in the biomass of lactic fermentation, which in turn had a positive impact on the preservation of dry matter, crude protein and metabolizable energy, whose performance has been higher than the control at 7.58%, 6.64% and 5.56%.

scholarly journals Energy values and chemical composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) evaluated with broilers

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 992-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Ribeiro Alvarenga ◽  
Paulo Borges Rodrigues ◽  
Vinícius de Souza Cantarelli ◽  
Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo ◽  
José Walter da Silva Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and energy composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis), the nutrient metabolizability coefficients, and the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in broilers. A digestibility trial was carried out by using total excreta collection method, with 90 Cobb 500 lineage chicks, with initial weight of 256 ± 5 g at 11 days of age. Birds were allotted in metabolic cages for 10 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six repetitions with five birds each. Diets consisted on a reference-ration based on corn and soybean meal and two test diets, one containing spirulina (30%) and the other one with soybean meal (30%). Spiruline was superior to soybean meal for contents of dry matter (DM), gross energy (9.60%), crude protein (26.56%), ether extract (54.45%), mineral matter (42.77%), calcium (100%) and total phosphorus (130.77%) and also for most amino acids, except lysine, glutamate, histidine and proline. Nevertheless, spiruline presented lower values of gross fiber (83.95%), acid detergent fiber (85.12%) and neutral detergent fiber (6.15). The AME and AMEn values (kcal/kg of DM) were, respectively, 2,906 and 2,502 for the spirulina and 2,646 and 2,340 for the soybean meal and AMEn of spirulina was 6.92% higher than soybean meal.

scholarly journals DRIED BEE MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR GROWING TURKEYS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. SALMON ◽  
T. I. SZABO
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Dried bee meal, produced from bees killed after the honey-producing season, has been assessed as a high protein feedstuff in diets of growing turkeys from 6 to 41 days of age. Although higher in crude protein and differing in amino acid composition, dried bee meal was similar to soybean meal in total amino acids and true metabolizable energy. Diets containing 150 and 300 g dried bee meal/kg linearly decreased liveweight gained by poults. Efficiency of feed conversion was slightly improved when the diet contained 150 g bee meal/kg, but was depressed by 300 kg bee meal/kg. The adverse effects may be related to nonprotein nitrogen in bee meal or to toxicity of dried bee venom.

The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 2. The effects of variation in the energy and protein contents of diets on biological performance and carcass characteristics

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Siregar ◽  
RB Cumming ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Biological Performance ◽  
Good Agreement

In three experiments, ducklings aged 2 or 3 weeks were grown to 8 weeks of age on diets containing from 12 to 25 % crude protein, and from 11 .6 to 15.2 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg 'as fed'. Generally the highest growth rates and best feed conversions were observed on diets with the highest energy content. A dietary protein content of about 12% was adequate for maximum growth, best feed conversion, and the highest protein efficiency ratio. Where comparison could be made, males grew faster than females. ME contents of the diet determined by total collection of excreta or its estimation using Cr2O3 were in good agreement. ME values for the diets declined as ducklings aged, as did nitrogen balance. Carcass protein decreased and carcass fat increased as the energy (kJ) to protein (%) ratio increased. Dressing percentage tended to increase with increasing dietary energy. Females had higher dressing percentages than males. It would appear that, for best growth rate and feed conversion, a low protein of 12-13 % and a high energy diet of about 14.0 MJ ME/kg, corresponding to an energy to protein ratio of about 1000, are adequate for ducks grown from 2 to 8 weeks. For maximum carcass lean, and minimum fat content, a low energy (kJ) to protein (%) ratio of about 600 is desirable. This corresponds to dietary concentrations of about 15 MJ/ME kg of diet and 24% crude protein.

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