Theories of International Norm Contestation: Structure and Outcomes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Lantis
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
First Generation ◽  
State Level ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Constructivist Theory ◽  
Advocacy Coalitions ◽  
International Norm ◽  
Norm Diffusion ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Norm Change

First-generation constructivist theories argue that international norms are constitutive and regulative—that they shape state behaviors and promote international cooperation. Theories focus on the life-cycle of international norms and probe their impact on cooperation across a range of issue areas. However, a new generation of scholarship has identified the potential for contestation and challenge in international norm development and maintenance. Critical constructivist theory recognizes powerful roles for agency and alternative definitions of norm parameters and compliance. Norm contestation can occur in multiple ways. First, critical constructivists recognize the norm development process itself can involve significant struggles over the definitions and prescriptions of normative architectures. Second, state leaders sometimes challenge the definition and prescriptions that flow from established normative architectures, and they may engage in contestation over the validity or justification of the norm or application in international institutions. Third, some norms may not become internalized in standard ways at the state level due to alternative patterns of norm diffusion and localization. Fourth, norm strength also can be affected by the actions of rival advocacy coalitions in processes of contestation. While contestation represents a vibrant research program today, critics charge that it suffers from significant limitations. No single theory of norm change or contestation has emerged as dominant in the first decade of research, and scholars are just beginning to grapple with whether greater attention should be devoted to contestation during norm development or localization/diffusion challenges. In addition, the concept of norm change raises an ontological debate about whether norms are static or dynamic in nature, and how best to study the cyclical development of norms (or norm change over time). A discussion of areas for further research and empirical testing of norm contestation theories is also presented.

scholarly journals Drilling Down in Norm Diffusion: Norm Domestication, “Glocal” Power, and Community-Based Organizations in Global Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Restoy ◽  
Stefan Elbe
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
State Level ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Norm Diffusion ◽  
Community Based Organizations ◽  
Global Connections ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
National Governments

ABSTRACT Norm diffusion scholarship analyzes how states come to agree and adopt new international norms. Yet, formal adoption of a new norm does not in itself guarantee that a government will also implement it domestically, and very little international relations scholarship drills down deep enough to examine whether and how new international norms are subsequently integrated, incorporated, and translated at sub-state level. This article initiates a research agenda on norm “domestication” through the first in-depth study of how international norms in the field of global health are locally incorporated by community-based organizations (CBOs). Drawing upon multi-sited international fieldwork in Uganda, Ukraine, and El Salvador, the paper uncovers three norm domestication strategies used by CBOs of people affected by HIV/AIDS: harnessing political divisions within national governments, circumventing government policy with international help, and mounting legal challenges to government policy. The article argues that these CBO strategies represent “glocal” forms of power capable of forging local–global connections through combined practices of norm allying, norm implementation, and norm intertwining. These subtler processes of norm domestication, the article concludes, ultimately require a reconceptualization of norm diffusion not just as a transnational phenomenon, but as a “multi-local” process during which norms are concurrently localized across diverse geographic locales.

International Norm Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Sandholtz
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
International Norm ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Norm Change

In the first wave of scholarship on international norms, the primary task was to convince a skeptical discipline that norms affect domestic and international outcomes. A second phase of international norms research developed political theories of the emergence and establishment of new international norms. Transnational actor models as well as “legalization” and “rational design” approaches tested propositions on norm creation but did not theorize what happens after norms are created. General norms inevitably collide with the relentless specificity of experience. Actors constantly dispute the meaning and application of norms. The resultant arguments modify the norms being contested, and the modified norms then shape subsequent behavior and disputes. The third wave of international norms research has focused on the inherent dynamism of norms and norm systems. Norms emerge through processes of transnational advocacy and institutional design, but they also evolve through cycles of application and disputation.

Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarkers in Etiologic Cancer Research: The New in Light of the Old

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Generation

The purpose of this review is to evaluate progress inmolecular epidemiology over the past 24 years in canceretiology and prevention to draw lessons for futureresearch incorporating the new generation of biomarkers.Molecular epidemiology was introduced inthe study of cancer in the early 1980s, with theexpectation that it would help overcome some majorlimitations of epidemiology and facilitate cancerprevention. The expectation was that biomarkerswould improve exposure assessment, document earlychanges preceding disease, and identify subgroupsin the population with greater susceptibility to cancer,thereby increasing the ability of epidemiologic studiesto identify causes and elucidate mechanisms incarcinogenesis. The first generation of biomarkers hasindeed contributed to our understanding of riskandsusceptibility related largely to genotoxic carcinogens.Consequently, interventions and policy changes havebeen mounted to reduce riskfrom several importantenvironmental carcinogens. Several new and promisingbiomarkers are now becoming available for epidemiologicstudies, thanks to the development of highthroughputtechnologies and theoretical advances inbiology. These include toxicogenomics, alterations ingene methylation and gene expression, proteomics, andmetabonomics, which allow large-scale studies, includingdiscovery-oriented as well as hypothesis-testinginvestigations. However, most of these newer biomarkershave not been adequately validated, and theirrole in the causal paradigm is not clear. There is a needfor their systematic validation using principles andcriteria established over the past several decades inmolecular cancer epidemiology.

scholarly journals Lost in translation: a comparative analysis of developing regions' receptions of the responsibility to protect norm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aidan Gnoth
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
World Summit ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
International Norm ◽  
Norm Diffusion ◽  
Lost In Translation ◽  
Discursive Approach

<p>The way in which different regions are receiving the international norm of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has been attracting increasing attention within academia in recent years, most notably after the NATO led intervention in Libya in 2011. Academics have attempted to analyse the extent to which R2P has been diffused in various states and have argued that states within developing regions have begun to localise R2P to make it more congruent with their pre-existing norms and practices in order to increase its acceptance. These studies have utilised traditional theories of norm diffusion which conceive of norms as static entities with fixed content and as such they have not attempted to analyse how the norm has been changing as a result of this process. Furthermore these studies have tended to analyse the diffusion of R2P in isolation from other states and other regions and as such, no comparative analysis of how regions have received R2P exists. This thesis employs a discursive approach, seeking to look at how R2P has been received within three developing regions (Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America) and in doing so aims to find how regions receptions of R2P differ and whether the content of R2P has changed between them. It finds that since the 2005 World Summit, receptions to R2P have not significantly altered and that where R2P is being gradually diffused it is increasingly becoming a norm for prevention rather than response.</p>

scholarly journals Pulsed MHD generator of a new generation

2019 ◽  
Vol 486 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
Ye. P. Velikhov ◽  
A. G. Afonin ◽  
V. G. Butov ◽  
V. P. Panchenko ◽  
S. V. Sinyaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Magnetic System ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mhd Generator ◽  
Local Integral ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Generation

The results of calculation and theoretical investigation for the creation of a powerful (≈600 MW) pulsed MHD generator on the combustion products from solid (powder) plasma-forming fuel “Start-2” of a new generation are presented. The scheme, methods, results of calculations, and optimization of characteristics of the pulsed MHD generator with the self-excited resistive “iron-free” magnetic system are described. The local, integral, and specific energy and mass-dimensional characteristics are determined. The obtained characteristics are 1.5-2 times higher than those of the first generation MHD generator.

Legislating Civil and Human Rights Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-108
Author(s):  
Claire Whitlinger
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Rights Education ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Holocaust Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Generation

This chapter investigates the causal connection between the 2004 commemoration and another racially significant transformation: Mississippi Senate Bill 2718, an education bill mandating civil rights and human rights education in Mississippi schools. Providing historical perspective on the legislation—the first of its kind in the country—the chapter traces its origins to the fortieth anniversary commemoration in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 2004. After providing a brief history of school desegregation in Mississippi and previous efforts to mandate Holocaust education in the state, the chapter demonstrates how the 2004 commemoration and subsequent civil rights trial mobilized a new generation of local memory activists. When joined with institutional resources at the state-level, these developments generated the commemorative capacity for local organizers to institutionalize civil rights memory through curricular change. Thus, in contrast to other multicultural or human rights education mandates, which have typically been outgrowths of large-scale progressive social movements or the diffusion of global norms, Mississippi’s civil and human rights education bill emerged out of local commemorative efforts.

New Learning for New Students

2016 ◽  
pp. 819-837
Author(s):  
John K. Hope
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Generation Y ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Baby Boomer Generation ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
New Students ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
Demand Changes ◽  
New Generation

When the post-world war two ‘baby boomer' generation reached school age, education changed. Massive increases in student numbers required changes to teacher education, enormous investment in new schools and changes in pedagogy. Each succeeding generation has been different, and of necessity, education has changed to reflect the needs and aspirations of the new generation. Generation Y students are now in higher education, the first Generation Z students will soon be entering higher education. Both groups are showing signs of being different to their seniors. This difference implies changes to higher education learning. Compounding the need for Generation Y and Generation Z instigated changes to higher education has been the rapid onset of new forms of technologically infused learning, some generated by an industry desperate to maintain its influence on education as the market for paper-based books and journals declines, others generated by the ubiquitous nature of everyday life technological innovations such as social media, and more recently, the widespread availability of tuition fee-free MOOCS. This chapter will chart the generational and technological changes that are likely to increasingly demand changes to learning in schooling and higher education. Possible future change scenarios are also suggested.

scholarly journals Marrying the perfect child — Middle class norms and intergenerational arrangements in the marriage corners of urban China

Ethnography ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146613812096051
Author(s):  
Jean-Baptiste Pettier
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Urban Families ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Generational Relationships ◽  
Single Child ◽  
Personal Success ◽  
New Generation

Caught in the context of a highly competitive development process, within the framework of a policy which limited their reproductive capacity to a single child, PRC urban families have, in recent decades, attached growing importance to their child's education, aiming to lead them to professional and personal success. This, however, also had an impact on the capacities of many young adults to marry early. In this context, the phenomenon of “marriage corners” mushroomed in large cities all over China beginning in the mid-2000s. Within China, this new practice generated criticism. These markets are seen as displaying conservative forms of marriage arrangement, the disregarding of romantic love, and forms of intergenerational power organization that may be considered backwards. However, by the criticisms it generates but as well the forms of relationships that it displays, the phenomenon can allow for a better understanding of the transformation of inter-generational relationships amongst urban middle-class, and on the norms framing the lives of the new generation.

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