Brazil in the First World War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rinke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

When news broke of the war in Europe, there was talk of a catastrophe that, as a result of the close-knit global entanglements, would embroil the world in an unprecedented crisis. The world dimensions of the events were in evidence to contemporary Latin American observers from early on. Despite the region’s considerable distance from the battlefields, the First World War was felt more than any other previous event outside Latin America in Brazil, and it was clear that its repercussions would affect the lives of average citizens. The relative isolation from which people in the region had witnessed other conflicts in Europe prior to 1914 came to an end. Many Brazilians took an active interest in the war. They participated in the debates about the end of Western hegemony and the downfall of Europe, which took place around the world and would become emblematic of the 20th century. The perception of the war followed a global logic, as Brazil was entangled in the events because of the new type of economic and propaganda war. Modern historiography largely ignored the impact of the war in Brazil, although a number of treatises appeared immediately after the conflict. It was not until the advent of dependence theory that interest was rekindled in the significance of the First World War. The picture changed in 2014 when several important studies integrated new perspectives of cultural and global history. While the First World War may have long been a marginal concern of Brazilian historiography, it was even more common to find “general” histories of the conflagration devoid of any perspective other than the European and that of the United States. But in the total wars of the 20th century, even a neutral country could not remain passive. As a result of its natural resources and strategic position, Brazil was to become an actor in this conflagration.

Changing Attitudes Towards War: The Impact of the First World War

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Historical Movement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

After the First World War the belief became substantially widespread among developed countries that the venerable institution of war should be abandoned from their affairs. It was an idea whose time had come. Historically, the war does not seem to have been all that unusual in its duration, destructiveness, grimness, political pointlessness, economic consequences or breadth. It does seem to have been unique in that (1) it was the first major war to be preceded by substantial, organized anti-war agitation, and (2) for Europeans, it followed an unprecedentedly peaceful century during which even war enthusiasts began, perhaps unknowingly, to appreciate the virtues of peace. Thus the war served as a necessary catalyst for opinion change. The process through which the change took place owes much to British war aims and to their efforts to get the United States into the war. The article concludes with some reflections on the historical movement of ideas.

The Cost of the First World War to the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Tannas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

In this paper, a calculation of cost of the First World War to the United States is performed with the aim of evaluating the impact of the War on the American economy. The method used to make this calculation is based on the work of economic historians Claudia Goldin and Frank Lewis, who studied the cost of the American Civil War. This method involves the calculation first of the “direct cost” of the war, which represents the value of economic losses made up of war expenditures, casualties and the opportunity cost of drafted soldiers. The “indirect cost” of the War is also calculated to measure the impact of the War on American economic growth by projecting economic growth in a hypothetical world where the First World War did not occur and comparing it to the economic growth actually experienced in the United States. This calculation is meant to capture any positive effects that the War may have had. For the calculations, data was drawn from a number of primary sources including censuses and government documents. The results of both of these calculations show that the First World War had a negative impact on American growth and represented a massive drain of economic resources. In particular, the indirect cost calculation shows that American growth slowed considerably in the decade following the War. This result is significant as it contradicts the common view of the postwar period prior to the Great Depression as being one of great prosperity in the United States.

The Constitution and the Tasks Ahead

1955 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 961-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles McKinley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
World War ◽  
Italian Fascism ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
First World ◽  
Changing Society

A resurgent conservatism rules the day in the United States not only in public affairs but also in political speculation. Frightened by the uneasy ghost of the barbarism that was embodied in German Nazism and Italian Fascism and by the spread of Russian-spawned totalitarianism, political speculation in this and other democratic countries now shrinks from the hazard inherent in a rationalistic effort to remold the world of public affairs. Inquiry turns to the adoration of our inheritance, to the discovery of neglected or undervalued virtues in the institutions as molded by our forebears, and to the wise prevision which they, in simpler crisis times, expressed in their statesmanship.My own fundamental orientation toward government developed in the “progressive” decade before mankind's applecart was sharply tilted, if not completely upset, by the First World War. It rested upon an act of preference for a democratic, freely thinking, and freely associating society. It therefore shared something of the “divine discontent” felt by all political innovators, to whom the wisdom of the ancestors always has seemed incomplete and often inadequate to meet the demands of a constantly changing society.

scholarly journals A trianoni békeszerződés és a dunai hajózás

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Mihály Krámli
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
World War ◽  
International Regime ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World ◽  
Peace Treaties

The scope of this paper is to analyse the Danube policy of the Allied Powers after the First World War, their intention to create a new international régime, and to hone in on the impact of the Treaty of Trianon, the new Statue of the Danube of 1921 and the distribution of a part of the former Austrian and Hungarian riverine merchant fl eets on the Hungarian navigation on the Danube. Before the end of the World War the Austro-Hungarian riverine merchant fl eet was a dominant factor in the navigation on the Danube. The Allied Powers wanted to break this dominancy and to formulate a new international régime on the Danube favourable for them. These eff orts were present in the peace treaties. The Convention Instituting the Defi nitive Statue of the Danube was signed at Paris in July 1921. The provisions of the Convention formulated by the victors were very unfavourable for Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. To capitalise on the benefi ts provided for them by the peace treaties and the Convention of 1921 in the Danube navigation, it had to create considerable merchant fl eets for Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania. For this scope the peace treaties provided that Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria should cede to the interested Allied Powers certain property pertaining to navigation on the Danube. Upon the decision of arbitrator Walker D. Hines of 2 August 1921, Hungary has lost nearly 50 percent of its Danube merchant fleet.

scholarly journals Размышления о Первой мировой войне

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Е.В. Соловьева ◽  
Р.А Костюшин
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Development ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Current State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The article analyzes the reasons for the outbreak of the First World War, its result for our country, the impact of that massacre on the subsequent development of the world, Russia and the current state of mankind.

scholarly journals Mobilising the Red Cross Journal: A Charity’s Periodical in Wartime

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
Marjorie Gehrhardt
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The first issue of the Red Cross Journal was published in January 1914, only eight months before the outbreak of the First World War. This article explores the impact of the war on this publication, as the work of the charity it represented dramatically expanded over the course of the conflict. How did the Journal survive the war, at a time when the Red Cross was deeply involved in supporting soldiers? This article examines the genesis of this publication and its evolving role during the war. This periodical, we argue, not only helped raise awareness of the work carried out by the Red Cross, but it also served practical purposes in the areas of training and funding. This publication reveals an increasingly critical stance towards the British Empire’s enemies in the war, as well as the need for the British Red Cross Society to foster a sense of unity amongst members posted around the world.

Theology and Ecumenism after Edinburgh 1910

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Marlene Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

How was early twentieth-century Protestant Christianity, so prone to division, able to initiate and sustain a movement that sought Christian unity? What was the significance for the movement of the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh 1910? What was the effect of the First World War on the newly emerging ecumenical movement? These questions provide the main themes of this chapter. It describes and assesses the impact of the voluntary movements that had been influenced by the Evangelical Awakening; the revivalism of the 1880s; the development of a Kingdom of God theology; and the missionary movement’s goal of evangelizing the world in a generation. It also describes the major contributions of John R. Mott, Joseph H. Oldham, and David S. Cairns in the first two decades of the twentieth century, when the churches had reached a watershed in their relations.

scholarly journals Rogers Act 1924: establishment of a professional USA Foreign Service

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Tetiana Klynina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
First World ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the legal framework that made possible the existence and functioning of the US foreign service. The purpose of the article is to clarify the preface and the course of formation of the professional foreign service of the United States, which was reflected in the adoption of the Rogers Act. The methodological basis of the study. The study was based on the principle of historicism, which contributed to the consideration of the phenomenon under study in its development and made it possible to identify periods in the formation of a professional diplomatic service. The use of the problem-chronological method contributed to the preservation of the historical heredity and integrity of the picture; the application of the comparative method made it possible to identify significant changes that occurred after the adoption of Rogers’ Law, which was considered through the use of the method of analysis. A historiographical description of the main scientific works devoted to the research topic is given. Analyzed works A. Evans, T. Lay, I. Stewart etc., which became the basis for the study. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of ideas about qualitative and quantitative changes in the diplomatic service after the adoption of the relevant law. The author concludes that before the adoption of the Rogers Act there was no control over the selection of diplomatic and consular staff and the negative consequences of such a decision were especially evident during the First World War. Therefore, the historical conditions in which America found itself at that time became a challenge for the continued existence of the consular and diplomatic services, and therefore the issue of restructuring and modernization of these services in the United States and its transfer to another, qualitatively new level. In general, the author emphasizes the change in the status of foreign service, which was introduced by relevant legislation, namely the Rogers Act, the need for which was caused by certain historical conditions of the American state and its place on the world stage. Prior to the enactment of the Diplomatic Service Act, there was virtually no control over the selection of diplomatic and consular personnel representing the United States on the world stage. After the First World War, it became clear that the diplomatic service needed to be restructured. That is why Rogers’ law was passed, which, in fact, was the first legislative attempt to resolve this issue.

scholarly journals The activities of factory «Prowodnik» in Riga and its employees – graduates of the Riga Polytechnicum / Riga Polytechnic Institute

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alīda Zigmunde ◽  
Oļegs Šapovalovs
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Polytechnic Institute ◽  
World War ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

The article gives an overview of the activities of rubber, gutta-percha and telegraph factory «Prowodnik» in Riga, founded in 1888. Before the First World War, the factory was one of the four largest rubber factories in the world. During the First World War, in 1915, the factory was evacuated to Moscow, in 1918, it was expropriated.  In 1921, the shareholders decided to re-establish «Prowodnik» in its old premises in Riga, but the economic situation had changed. For some years it operated as a woodworking factory (1925–1935), but it never reached the boom it had experienced at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. At the end of the 1930s the factory was liquidated. The alumni of the Riga Polytechnicum (RP) and Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) who had given significant input in its achievements have been identified by the authors of this article.

scholarly journals Latin America as a region of the contradiction of the USA and Germany interests during the First World War

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Gennady Kazakov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
American Continent ◽  
World War ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
First World

In the article, the author considers the issues of the collision of interests of the United States of America and Germany in the Latin American region during the First World War. The confrontation had a diplomatic character and consisted in refusing to “penetrate” German capital and the physical presence of German troops in the countries of the Latin American region. According to the official American political ideology of pan-Americanism, there was a tacit agreement that the United States did not interfere in the affairs of Europe, and Europe, in turn, did not try to penetrate the American continent, leaving it in the sphere of the USA influence. With the beginning of the First World War, the German presence in the region increased. Moreover, the American government, on the contrary, proposed to close the American continent for citizens of European states. The main issue caused to controversy between the USA and Germany was the use of Latin American ports as temporary parking, as well as the strengthening of trade relations between the countries of South America and Germany. In the course of such actions by the American administration, Germany lost the Latin American market. The above events led to tweaking German agents, government of countries from this region against the United States. This was particularly evident in the Mexican issue, where the German government supported the opposition bloc, and then tried to persuade Mexico to declare war on the United States. The conduct of the Pan-American Conference strengthened the role of the United States in the countries of the region and led to the displacement of Germany from the region. While writing the article we come to the conclusion that the contradictions arose in the region became one of the most important reasons for the declaration of war against Germany by the USA government.

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