3. Big impacts

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Paul Slack
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
European History ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Contemporary Culture

‘Big impacts’ focuses on the Black Death, which had an impact on every sphere of human activity. Indeed, the Black Death reshaped the course of European history. The case is strongest in the area where sudden, severe, and prolonged high mortality might be expected to have an effect—that of economic and social relations. The Black Death also had an impact on how people thought about their world and their place in it, and some have argued that there were wholesale changes in mentalities, amounting to turning points in contemporary culture. It is interesting to note that the process of accommodating plague took less time than one might imagine.

Drama and Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Franks
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Societal Level

As ways of making meaning in drama strongly resemble the ways that meanings are made in everyday social life, forms of drama learn from everyday life and, at a societal level, people in everyday life learn from drama. Through history, from the emergence of drama in Western culture, the learning that results at a societal level from the interactions of everyday social life and drama have been noted by scholars. In contemporary culture, electronic and digitized forms of mediation and communication have diversified its content and massively expanded its audiences. Although there are reciprocal relations between everyday life and drama, aspects of everyday life are selected and shaped into the various cultural forms of drama. Processes of selection and shaping crystallize significant aspects of everyday social relations, allowing audiences of and participants in drama to learn and to reflect critically on particular facets of social life. In the 20th century, psychological theories of learning have been developed, taking note of the sociocultural relationships between drama, play, and learning. Learning in and through drama is seen as being socially organized, whole person learning that mobilizes and integrates the bodies and minds of learners. Making signs and meanings through various forms of drama, it is interactive, experiential learning that is semiotically mediated via physical activity. Alongside the various forms of drama that circulate in wider culture, sociocultural theories of learning have also influenced drama pedagogies in schools. In the later part of the 20th century and into the 21st century, drama practices have diversified and been applied as a means of learning in a range of community- and theater-based contexts outside of schooling. Practices in drama education and applied drama and theater, particularly since the late 20th century and into the early 21st century, have been increasingly supported by research employing a range of methods, qualitative, quantitative, and experimental.

Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation

1987 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Wildavsky
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ways Of Life

Preferences come from the most ubiquitous human activity: living with other people. Support for and opposition to different ways of life, the shared values legitimating social relations (here called cultures) are the generators of diverse preferences. After discussing why it is not helpful to conceive of interests as preferences or to dismiss preference formation as external to organized social life, I explain how people are able to develop many preferences from few clues by using their social relations to interrogate their environment. The social filter is the source of preferences. I then argue that culture is a more powerful construct than conceptual rivals: heuristics, schemas, ideologies. Two initial applications—to the ideology of the left-right distinctions and to perceptions of danger—test the claim that this theory of how individuals use political cultures to develop their preferences outperforms the alternatives.

scholarly journals Zgodnjenovoveško Prekmurje. V čast stoletnice združitve prekmurskih Slovencev z matičnim narodom (2019)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2019) (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Hozjan
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
Good For

Category: 1.01 Original scientific paper Language: Original in Slovene (Abstract in Slovene and English, Summary in English) Key words: Prekmurje, 1458–1741, historical outline, public administration, property relations, population, religion, language Abstract: This paper presents a historical outline of the almost three hundred years of development of the region known today as Prekmurje. The covered period begins with the reign of King Matthias Corvinus (from 1458, but crowned with the Crown of Saint Stephen in 1464) and ends with the coronation of Queen Maria Theresa in 1741. The three-hundred-year period did little good for the region; on the contrary, it subjected it to a great deal of misery. As a result, the period is referred to as the period of profound turning points. A brief description of the sources and literature is given initially, followed by the following chapters: I. Public administration; II. Markers of the Age – a historical outline of the period with significant events that impacted Prekmurje, and of the changes in property relations; III. Population, language, religion – population, social relations, language, and an outline of the religious conditions and ecclesiastic administration.

scholarly journals Epistemological Aspects of the Organisation of Human Activity in the Transition from Disparate Social Techniques to Societal Technologies

wisdom ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Alexei AVTONOMOV ◽  
Vladislav GRIB
Keyword(s):  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Problem Resolution ◽  
Technological Approach ◽  
Social Technologies ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Computer Interaction ◽  
The Way

The expansion and deepening of human-computer interaction in modern conditions have attracted attention to human activity and required its study at a new level. The article is devoted to the examination of the problems of organising human activity based on the knowledge of its key components. Epistemological approaches to thinking and knowing as directions of the development of human activity make it possible to increase the efficiency of the organisation of human activity as a whole and raise questions that can be resolved on the way of further methodology evolution. The further transition from the methodology of research and practices to social technologies that would allow purposefully producing new knowledge, on the basis of which, in turn, it would be possible to improve the quality of the organisation of human activity, seems appropriate and natural. The authors argue that the technological approach to problem resolution is useful and fruitful not only in the sphere of engineering and technical devices but also in the field of social relations.

Accents and Asian American Representation in Contemporary Culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa S. Davé
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
American English ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Standard American English ◽  
The World

The study of accent is related to word and language pronunciation that can be linked to a social class, a nationality, a part of the world, or a historic time period. Accent can be characterized as an “identifier” based on sound and sound production rather than visual cues. Accent is thus linked to fields such as linguistics and pronunciation, language education, drama, literature and performance, sound studies, disability studies (communication disorders to hearing to speech), as well as to sociology and global studies (how do people speak and understand each other in different parts of the world and across geographical borders), to nationalism (how does language bring communities and societies together), and to media (how is communication presented and how is language received). Phonetic literacy (as studied by socio-linguists) involves subcategories such as speech and accent (from access to learning English by non-native speakers to the ability to speak English), dialect (variations of English based on geography), and slang. A cultural and interdisciplinary study of accents allow for inquiries about national community that move beyond legal and geographical forms of community and identity. Looking at accents emphasize the linguistic and sonic components of American global cultural values that are present in media representation, performance, and the politics of social relations. In particular, the study of Asian American accents in popular culture lies at the intersection of interpretations of text and sound where standard American English (the language taught in American schools) is positioned as the normative mode of communication and the criterion that non-native speakers are often judged upon in American culture. An accent is both a phonetic and visual means of interpreting the assimilation of immigrants in general, and Asians, more specifically, in relation to themes of American citizenship. Focusing on accent allows for a linguistic and narrative composition of how racial difference goes beyond a visual physical difference and is embedded in the systemic nature of how race and privilege operate in culture. Asian American and South Asian American vocal accents and other kinds of cultural “accents” offer an alternative approach to discuss American racial and ethnic performances because the notion of an accent is also inherently comparative. Accents appear only in comparison to what is considered normal or accepted universal speech, such as Standard American English. An accent can mark or distinguish someone or something in relation to something else or a prevailing norm. An accent can create contrast by its very difference. For Asian Americans, identifying how speech and communication is represented and produced in media and culture is a primary means of characterizing what is not only considered different but also what is seen to be foreign or outside definitions of American national identity. The media representations of Asian Americans exaggerate physical differences from a white American mainstream identity and dwell on alternative cultural values and behaviors that include accent and language.

ПОНЯТИЕ «ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ» В УПРАВЛЕНИИ ПЕРЕГОВОРНЫМ ПРОЦЕССОМ

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
P. Y. Gurushkin ◽  
I. S. Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Main Criterion ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

In the system of social relations conflicts are an important determinant of human activity. At the same time, negotiations are its integral attribute in the process of regulation of social contradictions. Regardless of the level of negotiations, whether it is bargaining on the market for a certain product or the solution of military-strategic international tasks — the question arises about the effectiveness of this process. How much we will spend, what we will get as a result, how to estimate it and how long it will take — the most important issues that arise in an attempt to analyze the result of any negotiations. The evaluation characteristics of the high or low effectiveness of the negotiations are based, at best, on qualitative methods, at worst — on a descriptive evaluation of the outcome, which is based on two criteria: agreement between the parties and satisfaction with the process. Both indicators can indeed provide some information about the change in the balance of power, whether or not the goals are achieved, etc. However, in this case, important variables such as time, material costs and reputation are not taken into account. Can satisfaction with the result (even of all the agents of the conflict) be considered the main criterion for the effectiveness of the negotiation process? The article is devoted to the analysis of modern approaches to the concepts of “efficiency” and “effectiveness”, as well as to the study of the applicability of these phenomena in the context of the evaluation of the negotiation process.

scholarly journals Psychobiography of Jesus Christ in view of Władysław Witwicki’s theory of cratism

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 155-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadeusz Citlak
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Critical Evaluation

Abstract The article is an attempt at a critical evaluation of applying one of the most original theories of Polish psychology, i.e. W. Witwicki’s theory of cratism, to the interpretation of the activities and personality of Jesus Christ. The theory of cratism, though it provides substantial explanation possibilities, has been largely forgotten. W. Witwicki used it to try to interpret many aspects of human activity such as art, social relations, as well as the life of ancient figures, among others, Socrates and Jesus Christ. Thanks to this, he created the first ever in Polish psychology (and also one of the first in world psychology) psychobiography. The proposal to decipher the activity of Jesus of Nazareth through Witwicki, however, raises large concerns, which discouraged many psychologists, and especially religious environments. I would like to indicate the most controversial moments of his work, while drawing attention to the great value of the theory itself also today, at the beginning of the 21st century, particularly in the area of historical psychology.

The Totalisation of Human Social Practice: Open Marxists and Capitalist Social Relations, Foucauldians and Power Relations

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Bruff
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Know How ◽  
Critical Approaches

This article critiques Open Marxism for an ontology which totalises human social practice—for Open Marxists, capitalist social relations are the singular constitutive source of human activity. Such a stance is superficially attractive yet ultimately inadequate, and I reinforce my case by demonstrating how other critical approaches—in this article, Foucauldian perspectives on power—suffer from similar deficiencies. Thus there is a need to resist the temptation of claiming to know how human social practice can be understood with recourse to a singular aspect (no matter how important) of such practice. I conclude that an excellent example of how to avoid such pitfalls is provided by Antonio Gramsci's writings, for they acknowledge the multifaceted yet nevertheless anchored existence lived by humans in capitalist societies.

scholarly journals The Problem of Mind and Reason and Its Philosophical and Educational Solution by V.V. Davydov

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
V.S. Voznyak ◽  
V.V. Lymonchenko
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Education ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
External Reason ◽  
Formal Reality ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theoretical Thinking ◽  
The Mind

The article considers the philosophical and educational solution to the problem of mind and reason in the work of V.V. Davydov. The authors’ attention is focused on the dialectic of the correlation of the categories of ‘reason’ and ‘mind’. It is argued that reason and mind appear not just as levels, but also as ways of thinking, ways of human world-relation. The basis for distinguishing between mind and reason is the presence in human activity of two levels: adaptive-using and creative-transformative. Reason works in opposition to the subject-object, while the mind has an attitude towards reality as a ‘subject’. External reason applies its scheme to the object, while mind transforms the form of its movement so that it corresponds to the essence of the matter. Reason is a formal culture of thinking, mind is entirely substantial. Reason as a way of thinking is generated by a practice that does not need to master its substantial (primarily social-historical, human) content — the practice of adaptation and use. It flourishes most magnificently in the conditions of reification of social relations, when they are separated from individuals and confront them as an external, alien, formal reality. V.V. Davydov’s achievment is the allocation of two types of generalization in educational activity: rational-empirical and reasonablе-theoretical, and the justification of the possibility and necessity of such a transformation of all didactics so that the teaching would contribute to the development of theoretical thinking. Only in this case can one seriously talk about developmental education.

scholarly journals Harm, Forgiveness and the Subjectivity of the Victim

Philosophia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Horowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

AbstractForgiveness is one of the most valued decisions in contemporary culture, although it has been emphasised that imprudent forgiveness can cause more harm than good in human relationships. In this article, I focus on the rarely discussed aspect of forgiveness, namely the recovery of subjectivity by the victim in their relationship with the perpetrator. I divide my reflection into three parts. In the first, I deal with the issue of the subjectivity of individuals in social relations. In the second part I present the consequences of the victim’s experience of harm, which include, first, the evoking of negative emotions, and subsequently the impact of these emotions on the way the victim functions as a subject in the relationship with the perpetrator. In the third part I show how – thanks to forgiveness – the victim regains subjectivity. Furthermore, I address the moral value of forgiveness. I argue that the regaining of subjectivity by the victim is a premise for recognising forgiveness as a morally good act and illustrate that forgiveness – properly defined – does not pose a threat to the good of people creating a relationship with the perpetrator.

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