Dietary Sphingomyelin Metabolism and Roles in Gut Health and Cognitive Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyu Jiang ◽  
Ling-Zhi Cheong ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Abdelmoneim H Ali ◽  
Qingzhe Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Cellular Signal ◽  
Term Functions

Abstract Sphingomyelin (SM) is a widely occurring sphingolipid that is a major plasma membrane constituent. Milk and dairy products are rich SM sources, and human milk has high SM content. Numerous studies have evaluated the roles of SM in maintaining cell membrane structure and cellular signal transduction. There has been a growing interest in exploring the role of dietary SM, especially from human milk, in imparting health benefits. This review focuses on recent publications regarding SM content in several dietary sources and dietary SM metabolism. SM digestion and absorption are slow and incomplete and mainly occur in the middle sections of the small intestine. This review also evaluates the effect of dietary SM on gut health and cognitive development. Studies indicate that SM may promote gut health by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption in adults. However, there has been a lack of data supporting clinical trials. An association between milk SM and neural development is evident before childhood. Hence, additional studies and well-designed randomized controlled trials that incorporate dietary SM evaluation, SM metabolism, and its long-term functions on infants and children are required.

Role of intestinal sterol transporters Abcg5, Abcg8, and Npc1l1 in cholesterol absorption in mice: gender and age effects

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. G269-G276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Duan ◽  
Helen H. Wang ◽  
Akira Ohashi ◽  
David Q.-H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Biliary Cholesterol ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
17Β Estradiol

Recent studies have indicated that intestinal cholesterol absorption is a multistep process, which is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby there are gender differences in intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency and the efficiency of cholesterol absorption increases with age have not yet been fully understood. To explore whether aging increases cholesterol absorption via intestinal sterol transporters, we studied the higher cholesterol-absorbing C57L/J vs. the lower cholesterol-absorbing AKR/J mice at 8 (young adult), 36 (older adult), and 50 (aged) wk of age. To test the hypothesis that estrogen receptor (ER )α plays an important regulatory role in cholesterol absorption, we investigated the gonadectomized mice of both genders treated with 17β-estradiol-releasing pellets at 0, 3, or 6 μg/day and antiestrogenic ICI 182,780 at 125 μg/day. We found that hepatic outputs of biliary cholesterol were significantly increased with age and in response to high levels of estrogen. Aging significantly enhances cholesterol absorption by suppressing expression of the jejunal and ileal sterol efflux transporters [ATP-binding cassette ( Abc) g5 and Abcg8] and upregulating expression of the putative duodenal and jejunal sterol influx transporter Npc1l1. Estrogen significantly augmented cholesterol absorption mostly due to an upregulated expression of intestinal Npc1l1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 via the intestinal ERα pathway, which can be fully abolished by the antagonist. We conclude that ERα activated by estrogen and aging enhances cholesterol absorption by increasing biliary lipid output and mediating intestinal sterol transporters favoring influx of intraluminal cholesterol molecules across the apical membrane of the enterocyte.

Dietary induction of pancreatic cholesterol esterase: a regulatory cycle for the intestinal absorption of cholesterol

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Sasser ◽  
Chakradhar Buddhiraju ◽  
Vijaya B. Kumar ◽  
Angel Lopez-Candales ◽  
Jackie Grosjlos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Cholesterol Esterase ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Mrna Induction ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Dietary Sterol ◽  
Human Intestinal Cells

Atherosclerosis has a strong dietary basis without a proven molecular mechanism for cholesterol absorption. To investigate the potential role of pancreas in this process and its interaction with the two dietary forms of cholesterol (free and esterified), we undertook to study the role of pancreatic cholesterol esterase in cholesterol absorption. The results showed that (i) cholesterol esters contribute a disproportionately high fraction of absorbed dietary cholesterol, (ii) rates of intestinal cholesterol absorption are related to pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity, (iii) mRNA specific for pancreatic cholesterol esterase is induced 15-fold by dietary sterol esters and 10-fold by free sterol, (iv) the induction of cholesterol esterase mRNA is reversible, and (v) free cholesterol transport into cultured human intestinal cells is enhanced 300% by pancreatic cholesterol esterase. These data implicate pancreatic cholesterol esterase as pivotal in a metabolic loop under positive feedback control for the absorption of dietary cholesterol, whether free or esterified.Key words: cholesterol esterase, diet, transport, mRNA, induction.

scholarly journals Uncovering long-term existence of a silent short-term memory trace

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha E. Wally ◽  
Masanori Nomoto ◽  
Kareem Abdou ◽  
Kaoru Inokuchi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Aspartate Receptor ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Term Functions

Active recall of short-term memory (STM) is known to last for a few hours, but whether STM has long-term functions is unknown. Here we show that, STM can be optogenetically retrieved at a time point during which natural recall is not possible, uncovering the long-term existence of a silent STM engram. Moreover, re-training within 3 days led to natural long-term recall, indicating facilitated consolidation. Calcium imaging revealed hippocampal CA1 reactivations of the STM trace during post-learning sleep. Inhibiting offline CA1 activity, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity, or protein synthesis after first exposure to the STM-forming event impaired the future re-exposure-facilitated consolidation, which highlights a role of protein synthesis and sleep in storing a silent STM trace. These results provide evidence that STM is not completely lost within hours and demonstrates a possible two-step STM consolidation, first storage as a silent engram, then transformation into an active state by recurrence within 3 days.

scholarly journals Human Milk’s Hidden Gift: Implications of the Milk Microbiome for Preterm Infants’ Health

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isadora Beghetti ◽  
Elena Biagi ◽  
Silvia Martini ◽  
Patrizia Brigidi ◽  
Luigi Corvaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Short And Long Term

Breastfeeding is considered the gold standard for infants’ nutrition, as mother’s own milk (MOM) provides nutritional and bioactive factors functional to optimal development. Early life microbiome is one of the main contributors to short and long-term infant health status, with the gut microbiota (GM) being the most studied ecosystem. Some human milk (HM) bioactive factors, such as HM prebiotic carbohydrates that select for beneficial bacteria, and the specific human milk microbiota (HMM) are emerging as early mediators in the relationship between the development of GM in early life and clinical outcomes. The beneficial role of HM becomes even more crucial for preterm infants, who are exposed to significant risks of severe infection in early life as well as to adverse short and long-term outcomes. When MOM is unavailable or insufficient, donor human milk (DHM) constitutes the optimal nutritional choice. However, little is known about the specific effect of DHM on preterm GM and its potential functional implication on HMM. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize recent findings on HMM origin and composition and discuss the role of HMM on infant health and development, with a specific focus on preterm infants.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) outcome at long-term follow-up and the role of elective neurosurgical approach: A report of 22 cases

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Menegazzo ◽  
Melissa Rosa Rizzotto ◽  
Martina Bua ◽  
Luisa Pinello ◽  
Elisabetta Tono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Abusive Head Trauma ◽  
Long Term Follow Up
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