scholarly journals Estimation of secondary household attack rates for emergent spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variants detected by genomic surveillance at a community-based testing site in San Francisco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Peng ◽  
Jamin Liu ◽  
Sabrina A Mann ◽  
Anthea M Mitchell ◽  
Matthew T Laurie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Mission District ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
New Mutations

Abstract Background Sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome from patient samples is an important epidemiological tool for monitoring and responding to the pandemic, including the emergence of new mutations in specific communities. Methods SARS-CoV-2genomicsequencesweregeneratedfrompositivesamplescollected,alongwithepidemiologicalmetadata,atawalk-up, rapid testing site in the Mission District of San Francisco, California during November 22-December 1, 2020 and January 10-29, 2021. Secondary household attack rates and mean sample viral load were estimated and compared across observed variants. Results A total of 12,124 tests were performed yielding 1,099 positives. From these, 928 high quality genomes were generated. Certain viral lineages bearing spike mutations, defined in part by L452R, S13I, and W152C, comprised 54.4% of the total sequences from January, compared to 15.7% in November. Household contacts exposed to the “California” or “West Coast” variants (B.1.427 and B.1.429) were at higher risk of infection compared to household contacts exposed to lineages lacking these variants (0.36 vs 0.29, RR=1.28; 95% CI:1.00-1.64). The reproductive number was estimated to be modestly higher than other lineages spreading in California during the second half of 2020. Viral loads were similar among persons infected with West Coast versus non-West Coast strains, as was the proportion of individuals with symptoms (60.9% vs 64.3%). Conclusions The increase in prevalence, relative household attack rates, and reproductive number are consistent with a modest transmissibility increase of the West Coast variants.

scholarly journals Estimation of secondary household attack rates for emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants detected by genomic surveillance at a community-based testing site in San Francisco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Peng ◽  
Sabrina A Mann ◽  
Anthea M Mitchell ◽  
Jamin Liu ◽  
Matthew T. Laurie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Mission District ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Testing Site

ABSTRACTBackgroundSequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome from patient samples is an important epidemiological tool for monitoring and responding to the pandemic, including the emergence of new mutations in specific communities.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were generated from positive samples collected, along with epidemiological metadata, at a walk-up, rapid testing site in the Mission District of San Francisco, California during November 22-December 2, 2020 and January 10-29, 2021. Secondary household attack rates and mean sample viral load were estimated and compared across observed variants.ResultsA total of 12,124 tests were performed yielding 1,099 positives. From these, 811 high quality genomes were generated. Certain viral lineages bearing spike mutations, defined in part by L452R, S13I, and W152C, comprised 54.9% of the total sequences from January, compared to 15.7% in November. Household contacts exposed to “West Coast” variants were at higher risk of infection compared to household contacts exposed to lineages lacking these variants (0.357 vs 0.294, RR=1.29; 95% CI:1.01-1.64). The reproductive number was estimated to be modestly higher than other lineages spreading in California during the second half of 2020. Viral loads were similar among persons infected with West Coast versus non-West Coast strains, as was the proportion of individuals with symptoms (60.9% vs 64.1%).ConclusionsThe increase in prevalence, relative household attack rates, and reproductive number are consistent with a modest transmissibility increase of the West Coast variants; however, additional laboratory and epidemiological studies are required to better understand differences between these variants.SummaryWe observed a growing prevalence and elevated attack rate for “West Coast” SARS-CoV-2 variants in a community testing setting in San Francisco during January 2021, suggesting its modestly higher transmissibility.

Shaping the City from Below

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rent Control ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Mission District ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City ◽  
Dot Com

This article surveys social movements in San Francisco that have resisted and blocked various development schemes from the 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century. Notable examples include fights against redevelopment in the Fillmore and South of Market, gentrification in the Mission District, the campaign to save the International Hotel, the fight against “Manhattanization” of San Francisco through high rises downtown, the rise of community-based nonprofit housing developers alongside the establishment of rent control, and the contentious battles over space during the dot-com boom and bust from 1999 to 2000.

scholarly journals High parental vaccine motivation at a neighborhood-based vaccine and testing site serving a predominantly Latinx community

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Naso ◽  
Susy Rojas ◽  
James Peng ◽  
Carina Marquez ◽  
Maria Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Testing Site

Purpose. To understand vaccine attitudes of Latinx parents highly impacted by COVID-19. Methods. In April 2021, we surveyed parents about their attitudes for COVID-19 vaccination of their children at a community-based outdoor testing/vaccination site serving predominantly low-income, Latinx persons in San Francisco. Results. Among 1,033 parents (75% Latinx), 92% would 'definitely' or 'probably' vaccinate their children. Vaccine hesitancy was higher for younger children; concerns included side effects and impacts on fertility. Doctors and community organizations were noted as trusted sources of information, including among vaccine-hesitant parents. Conclusion. Latinx parents accessing neighborhood-based COVID-19 testing/vaccination services are highly motivated to vaccinate their children for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Community-Based Systematic Screening of Household Contacts of Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Myanmar

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Nang Thu Thu Kyaw ◽  
Aung Sithu ◽  
Srinath Satyanarayana ◽  
Ajay M. V. Kumar ◽  
Saw Thein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Symptom Screening ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Screening Algorithm ◽  
Mdr Tb

Screening of household contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a crucial active TB case-finding intervention. Before 2016, this intervention had not been implemented in Myanmar, a country with a high MDR-TB burden. In 2016, a community-based screening of household contacts of MDR-TB patients using a systematic TB-screening algorithm (symptom screening and chest radiography followed by sputum smear microscopy and Xpert-MTB/RIF assays) was implemented in 33 townships in Myanmar. We assessed the implementation of this intervention, how well the screening algorithm was followed, and the yield of active TB. Data collected between April 2016 and March 2017 were analyzed using logistic and log-binomial regression. Of 620 household contacts of 210 MDR-TB patients enrolled for screening, 620 (100%) underwent TB symptom screening and 505 (81%) underwent chest radiography. Of 240 (39%) symptomatic household contacts, 71 (30%) were not further screened according to the algorithm. Children aged <15 years were less likely to follow the algorithm. Twenty-four contacts were diagnosed with active TB, including two rifampicin- resistant cases (yield of active TB = 3.9%, 95% CI: 2.3%–6.5%). The highest yield was found among children aged <5 years (10.0%, 95% CI: 3.6%–24.7%). Household contact screening should be strengthened, continued, and scaled up for all MDR-TB patients in Myanmar.

scholarly journals A multi-component, community-based strategy to facilitate COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Latinx populations: from theory to practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Marquez ◽  
Andrew D. Kerkhoff ◽  
Jamie Naso ◽  
Maria G. Contreras ◽  
Edgar Castellanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Component Community ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Health Partnership

Background COVID-19 vaccine coverage in the Latinx community depends on delivery systems that overcome barriers such as institutional distrust, misinformation, and access to care. We hypothesized that a community-centered vaccination strategy that included mobilization, vaccination, and "activation" components could successfully reach an underserved Latinx population, utilizing its social networks to boost vaccination coverage. Methods and Findings Our community-academic-public health partnership, "Unidos en Salud," utilized a theory-informed approach to design our "Motivate, Vaccinate, and Activate" COVID-19 vaccination strategy. Our strategy's design was guided by the PRECEDE Model and sought to address and overcome predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination faced by Latinx individuals in San Francisco. We evaluated our prototype outdoor, "neighborhood" vaccination program located in a central commercial and transport hub in the Mission District in San Francisco, using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework during a 16-week period from February 1, 2021 to May 19, 2021. Programmatic data, city-wide COVID-19 surveillance data, and a survey conducted between May 2, 2021 and May 19, 2021 among 997 vaccinated clients at least 16 years old were used in the evaluation. There were 20,792 COVID-19 vaccinations administered at the neighborhood site during the 16-week evaluation period. Vaccine recipients had a median age of 43 (IQR 32-56) years, 53.9% were male and 70.5% were Latinx, 14.1% white, 7.7% Asian, 2.4% Black, and 5.3% other. Latinx vaccinated clients were substantially more likely than non-Latinx clients to have an annual household income of less than $50,000 a year (76.1% vs. 33.5%), be a first-generation immigrant (60.2% vs. 30.1%), not have health insurance (47.3% vs. 16.0%), and not have access to primary care provider (62.4% vs. 36.2%). The most frequently reported reasons for choosing vaccination at the site were its neighborhood location (28.6%), easy and convenient scheduling (26.9%) and recommendation by someone they trusted (18.1%); approximately 99% reported having an overall positive experience, regardless of ethnicity. Notably, 58.3% of clients reported that they were able to get vaccinated earlier because of the neighborhood vaccination site, 98.4% of clients completed both vaccine doses, and 90.7% said that they were more likely to recommend COVID-19 vaccination to family and friends after their experience; these findings did not substantially differ according to ethnicity. There were 40.3% of vaccinated clients who said they still knew at least one unvaccinated person (64.6% knew 3 or more). Among clients who received both vaccine doses (n=729), 91.0% said that after their vaccination experience, they had personally reached out to at least one unvaccinated person they knew (61.6% reached out to 3 or more) to recommend getting vaccinated; 83.0% of clients reported that one or more friends, and/or family members got vaccinated as a result of their outreach, including 18.9% who reported 6 or more persons got vaccinated as a result of their influence. Conclusions A multi-component, "Motivate, Vaccinate, and Activate" community-based strategy addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination for the Latinx population reached the intended population, and vaccinated individuals served as ambassadors to recruit other friends and family members to get vaccinated.

scholarly journals Antiviral Marketing: The Informationalization of HIV Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret MacAulay
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Participatory Process ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus De L’Immunodéficience Humaine

Background Leveraging the affordances of technology to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention efforts has become an increasing public health priority. Grounded in a case study examining the role of networked information technologies in reshaping the HIV prevention landscape for gay men in San Francisco and Vancouver, this article proposes that HIV prevention has become informationalized. Analysis  The informationalization of HIV prevention is a convergent and participatory process where networked information technologies not only mediate but also produce HIV risk subjectivities, discourses, and practices in ambivalent ways.Conclusion and implications  This article argues that although informationalization creates many important opportunities to revitalize HIV prevention, the binary logic of data and code can unwittingly reproduce hierarchies of guilt/innocence and perpetrator/victim that pose challenges for community-based HIV advocacy efforts.Contexte  L’utilisation des dernières technologies pour contrer le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) est devenue de plus en plus prioritaire en santé publique. Cet article se fonde sur une étude de cas portant sur comment les technologies de l’information en réseau ont modifié la prévention du VIH parmi les hommes gais à San Francisco et Vancouver. L’étude suggère que dans ces circonstances la prévention du VIH est devenue informationnalisée. Analyse  Cette informationnalisation est un processus convergent et participatif où les réseaux informationnels ne font pas que transmettre les subjectivités, pratiques et discours relatifs au risque du VIH mais aussi produisent ceux-ci de manières ambivalentes.Conclusions et implications  Cet article soutient que, bien que l’informationnalisation crée de nombreuses occasions pour améliorer la prévention du VIH, la logique binaire de « données » et « codes » peut par inadvertance reproduire certaines hiérarchies (culpabilité/innocence, agresseur/victime) qui entravent les efforts de la communauté pour prévenir le VIH.

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