Biological Role of Magnesium

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 429-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
A La Pleshchitser
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Antagonistic Action ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Labile Equilibrium

Abstract Fersman (1934) commented on the relatively unimportant role of magnesium in biochemical processes. The comparatively limited radius of its ions, the stability and relative insolubility of its compounds prevent its taking an active part in the reactions of living matter. On the other hand, we have the statement of Vernadskii that in the plankton film of the ocean, in the ordinary accumulations and more massive growths, the amount of magnesium-containing chlorophyll must reach the order of 10-4 per cent by weight, if not higher, so that a small quantity of magnesium, entering into the composition of the chlorophyll-complex of the plankton, ultimately regulates the main part of the oxygenating function of living matter, the creation of free atmospheric oxygen. The material summarized by us likewise affords evidence of the importance of the role of magnesium in biological processes. All this, however, does not justify sharp differentiation between the biological role of magnesium and its role in biochemical processes. In all probability these processes are conditional to each other, although they are not identical processes. It is important to note the established and incontestable role of magnesium in many enzymatic processes in both the plant and animal kingdoms. The antagonistic action between magnesium and calcium, resulting from artificial changes in the ratios of these elements in soil, plants, and animals, can hardly occur under natural conditions, and, conversely, it must be assumed that a labile equilibrium between these elements is always maintained. The depressing action of magnesium ions on the central nervous system acquires considerable biological significance, since this permits the assumption that these ions in the animal organism may facilitate inhibitory processes in the nerve cell and insure the normal course of catabolic and anabolic processes. The narcotic and cholinolytic effects of magnesium constitute the basis for the wide therapeutic use of magnesium salts in medical practice.

scholarly journals Glymphatic System in the Central Nervous System, a Novel Therapeutic Direction Against Brain Edema After Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyue Zhou ◽  
Youwei Li ◽  
Cameron Lenahan ◽  
Yibo Ou ◽  
Minghuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Edema ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
System A ◽  
Function Recovery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Brain

Stroke is the destruction of brain function and structure, and is caused by either cerebrovascular obstruction or rupture. It is a disease associated with high mortality and disability worldwide. Brain edema after stroke is an important factor affecting neurologic function recovery. The glymphatic system is a recently discovered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport system. Through the perivascular space and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) on astrocytes, it promotes the exchange of CSF and interstitial fluid (ISF), clears brain metabolic waste, and maintains the stability of the internal environment within the brain. Excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain tissue causes cerebral edema, but the glymphatic system plays an important role in the process of both intake and removal of fluid within the brain. The changes in the glymphatic system after stroke may be an important contributor to brain edema. Understanding and targeting the molecular mechanisms and the role of the glymphatic system in the formation and regression of brain edema after stroke could promote the exclusion of fluids in the brain tissue and promote the recovery of neurological function in stroke patients. In this review, we will discuss the physiology of the glymphatic system, as well as the related mechanisms and therapeutic targets involved in the formation of brain edema after stroke, which could provide a new direction for research against brain edema after stroke.

The Biological Role of Truncated Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and the Tripeptide GPE in the Central Nervous System

1993 ◽  
Vol 692 (1 The Role of I) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICKI R. SARA ◽  
C. CARLSSON-SKWIRUT ◽  
K. DRAKENBERG ◽  
M. B. GIACOBINI ◽  
L. HÅKANSSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Strategies for Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis and the Role of Calcium

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Enders ◽  
Thorsten Heider ◽  
Andreas Ludwig ◽  
Stefanie Kuerten
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Progressive Stage

Calcium ions are vital for maintaining the physiological and biochemical processes inside cells. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly dependent on calcium homeostasis and its dysregulation has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), as well as with multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, the modulation of calcium influx into the cells and the targeting of calcium-mediated signaling pathways may present a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. This review provides an overview on calcium channels in neurons and glial cells. Special emphasis is put on MS, a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS. While the initial relapsing-remitting stage of MS can be treated effectively with immune modulatory and immunosuppressive drugs, the subsequent progressive stage has remained largely untreatable. Here we summarize several approaches that have been and are currently being tested for their neuroprotective capacities in MS and we discuss which role calcium could play in this regard.

scholarly journals Slk19 clusters kinetochores and facilitates chromosome bipolar attachment

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Richmond ◽  
Raed Rizkallah ◽  
Fengshan Liang ◽  
Myra M. Hurt ◽  
Yanchang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Large Protein Complex ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Mutant Cells

In all eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged into multiple chromosomes that are linked to microtubules through a large protein complex called a kinetochore. Previous data show that the kinetochores are clustered together during most of the cell cycle, but the mechanism and the biological significance of kinetochore clustering are unknown. As a kinetochore protein in budding yeast, the role of Slk19 in the stability of the anaphase spindle has been well studied, but its function in chromosome segregation has remained elusive. Here we show that Slk19 is required for kinetochore clustering when yeast cells are treated with the microtubule-depolymerizing agent nocodazole. We further find that slk19Δ mutant cells exhibit delayed kinetochore capture and chromosome bipolar attachment after the disruption of the kinetochore–microtubule interaction by nocodazole, which is likely attributed to defective kinetochore clustering. In addition, we show that Slk19 interacts with itself, suggesting that the dimerization of Slk19 may mediate the interaction between kinetochores for clustering. Therefore Slk19 likely acts as kinetochore glue that clusters kinetochores to facilitate efficient and faithful chromosome segregation.

BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ERYTHROPOIETIN IN THE PERINATAL PERIOD: NON-ERYTHROPOIETIC FUNCTIONS IN HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC LESIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
S.B. Berezhanskaya ◽  
◽  
E.A. Lukianova ◽  
M.K. Abduragimova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Ischemic Damage ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Erythropoietin is recognized as a pluripotent glycoprotein with unique biochemical and epigenetic properties that are important for fetal growth and development, as well as in critical conditions in subsequent periods of ontogenesis. In recent decades, researchers and clinicians have increased interest in the problem of the biological significance of erythropoietin, which can form the basis for constructing algorithms for early prognosis and diagnosis, optimizing the treatment of pathology of the perinatal period, including perinatal hypoxic-ischemic damage to the brain and spinal cord, which are at risk of disability and have a risk of disability significant role in neonatology and perinatal neurology.

A Statistical Study of Process Variables to Optimize a High Speed Curtain Coater: Part I

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEEYUSH TRIPATHI ◽  
MARGARET JOYCE ◽  
PAUL D. FLEMING ◽  
MASAHIRO SUGIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Air Removal ◽  
Removal System

Using an experimental design approach, researchers altered process parameters and material prop-erties to stabilize the curtain of a pilot curtain coater at high speeds. Part I of this paper identifies the four significant variables that influence curtain stability. The boundary layer air removal system was critical to the stability of the curtain and base sheet roughness was found to be very important. A shear thinning coating rheology and higher curtain heights improved the curtain stability at high speeds. The sizing of the base sheet affected coverage and cur-tain stability because of its effect on base sheet wettability. The role of surfactant was inconclusive. Part II of this paper will report on further optimization of curtain stability with these four variables using a D-optimal partial-facto-rial design.

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