scholarly journals 172 Increasing inclusion of fermentable fiber decreases nutrient digestibility in grower pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Charlotte Heyer ◽  
L F Wang ◽  
R T Zijlstra

Abstract Fermentable fiber may increase endogenous losses of P and AA, thereby reducing apparent nutrient digestibility. Acacia gum fiber with medium-to-high fermentability and low viscosity was used to investigate its effect on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in grower pigs. A P-free basal diet (49% corn starch; 18% bovine plasma protein) was formulated to measure basal endogenous P losses (EPL). Three diets were formulated to include 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% acacia gum fiber at the expense of corn starch in the P-free basal diet. Diets contained 16.1–17.4% CP and 0.31–0.33% total P (DM-basis). The 4 diets were fed to 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW, 54.6 kg) for four 9-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was ATTD minus AID. Increasing inclusion of acacia gum quadratically decreased (P < 0.01) AID of DM (∆ 11.1%), linearly decreased (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM (∆ 1.7%) CP (∆ 1.2%), and quadratically increased (P < 0.05) AHF of DM (∆ 9.4%). Basal EPL were 391 and 377 mg/kg DM intake (DMI) for ileum and total tract, respectively. Increasing inclusion of fiber linearly increased (P < 0.05) ileal EPL (∆ 184 mg/kg DMI), and tended to linearly increase (P < 0.10) EPL for total tract (∆ 243 mg/kg DMI). Dietary inclusion of acacia gum tended to linearly decrease (P < 0.10) AID of P, but did not affect (P > 0.10) ATTD, or STTD of P. In conclusion, increasing inclusion of fermentable, low viscous acacia gum fiber decreased diet digestibility of DM and ATTD of CP, but did not affect total tract P digestibility, indicating that increasing fermentable fiber did not increase specific endogenous losses of P in the total tract.

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 395-396
Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim

Abstract The objectives were to determine the digestible energy, standardized ileal digestibility of AA, and growth performance of dietary spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve nursery barrows (9.8 ± 0.9 kg) were assigned to a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with 3 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, 2 days of fecal sampling, and 2 days of ileal collection. A basal diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, dried whey, and sucrose as the sole energy and AA sources. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing 15% of the energy and AA sources in the basal diet with SDPP 1 (manufactured in the US; 78.2% CP and 4,862 kcal GE/kg as-is) or SDPP 2 (manufactured in Korea; 74.3% CP and 4,636 kcal GE/kg as-is). Spray-dried plasma protein 1 had greater digestible energy (4,799 vs. 4,469 kcal/kg as-is; P < 0.05), but less (P < 0.05) standardized ileal digestibility of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and threonine compared with SDPP 2. In Exp. 2, eighty-four nursery pigs (7.9 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens and 4 pigs per pen. Three corn-soybean meal-whey-based diets contained fish meal (6% and 3.5% for d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28, respectively), SDPP 1 (4.5% and 2.7%), or SDPP 2 (5% and 3%) to maintain same energy and nutrient concentrations. During d 0 to 14 and overall period, pigs fed the diets containing SDPP gained more weight (P < 0.05) than those fed the fish meal diet with no difference between 2 sources of SDPP. Overall, 2 sources of SDPP have different energy concentrations and AA digestibility, but similar growth promoting effects in nursery pigs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 358-359
Author(s):  
Bokyung Hong ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Caroline Gonzalez-Vega ◽  
Beob G Kim

Abstract The objective was to validate the prediction equations for digestibility of gross energy and amino acids in commercial pigs using mini pigs. Five commercial crossbred barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with initial BW of 62.6 ± 6.1 kg and 5 mini pigs selected from Jeju Island native pigs (M-Pig; Cronex Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea) with initial BW of 53.4 ± 7.4 kg were used. All pigs were fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum, and 5 animals of each breed were randomly allotted to a 5 × 10 Latin square design with 5 diets and 10 periods, respectively. A basal diet contained 98% corn and 4 experimental diets contained 20 or 40% rapeseed meal or wheat distillers dried grains with solubles at the expense of corn. Chromic oxide was included at 0.5% as an indigestible index. The accuracy of previously developed prediction equations for nutrient digestibility of commercial pigs was assessed by regressing measured values from commercial pigs minus predicted values from mini pigs on the predicted values centered to the mean. Comparison of measured and predicted apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy showed that the intercept (0.02 ± 0.81; P = 0.985) indicating mean bias and the slope (0.08 ± 0.15; P = 0.599) indicating linear bias were not different from 0. The equation for standardized ileal digestibility of lysine and arginine did not have mean bias or linear bias (P > 0.05). However, the equations for standardized ileal digestibility of other amino acids had mean bias or linear bias (P < 0.05). In conclusion, energy digestibility of commercial pigs may be predicted by previously developed prediction equations for commercial pigs using mini pigs.


1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Z. Fan ◽  
W. C. Sauer

Six barrows, average initial body weight 32.5 kg, fitted with a simple T-can-nula at the distal ileum, were used to investigate factors responsible for the variability of apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility values among six pea samples. The barrows were fed six corn-starch-based diets, formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) (as-fed) from six different pea samples, according to a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as the digestibility marker. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 0800 and 2000 h. The dietary allowance was 1600 g−1. Each experimental period lasted 7 d. Ileal digesta were collected at 2-h intervals for a total of 24 h from 0800 h on day 6 to 0800 h on day 8. With the exception of arginine, cysteine, histidine, and methionine, there were differences (P < 0.05) in the apparent ileal digestibility values of the indispensable including semi-essential (+semi-) AA among the pea samples. Of the indispensable AA (+semi-) within each pea sample, the digestibility values of arginine and lysine were relatively high, ranging from 88.3 to 91.3% and from 78.7 to 85.2%, respectively, while the digestibility values of cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan were relatively low, ranging from 53.8 to 62.7%, from 69.4 to 75.4%, and from 53.1 to 70.4%, respectively. With the exception of arginine, cysteine, and tryptophan, the ileal digestibility values of the indispensable AA (+semi-) were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the neu-tral-detergent fiber content in the pea samples. Of all the AA, only the digestibility of tryptophan was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the trypsin inhibitor activity in the pea samples. The significant finding of this study was that with the exception of arginine, cysteine, and proline, differences in the digestibility values of all other AA in the pea samples were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with their respective dietary AA contents. This suggests that differences in AA levels in the assay diets were responsible for the variability of apparent ileal digestibility values of AA between pea samples. Therefore, to eliminate this methodological effect, true rather than apparent ileal AA digestibility values for peas should be determined. Key words: Amino acids, ileal digestibility, peas, pigs


Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Seung Hyung Lee ◽  
Beob Gyun Kim

Abstract The objectives were to determine the digestible energy and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and to determine growth performance (Exp. 2) of 2 sources of dietary spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve nursery barrows (9.8 ± 0.9 kg) were assigned to a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with 3 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, 2 days of fecal sampling, and 2 days of ileal collection. A basal diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, whey, and sucrose as the sole energy and AA sources. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing 15% of the energy and AA sources in the basal diet with SDPP 1 (manufactured in the USA; 78.2% crude protein and 4,862 kcal gross energy/kg as-is) or SDPP 2 (manufactured in Korea; 74.3% crude protein and 4,636 kcal gross energy/kg as-is). Spray-dried plasma protein 1 had greater digestible energy (P &lt; 0.05), but less (P &lt; 0.05) standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr compared with SDPP 2. In Exp. 2, eighty-four nursery pigs (7.9 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens and 4 pigs per pen. Three corn-soybean meal-whey-based diets contained fish meal (6% and 3.5% for d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28, respectively), SDPP 1 (4.5% and 2.7%), or SDPP 2 (5.0% and 3.0%) to maintain same energy and nutrient concentrations. During d 0 to 14 and overall period, pigs fed the diets containing SDPP gained more weight (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed the fish meal diet with no difference between 2 SDPP sources. In conclusion, SDPP 1 contains greater digestible energy but less AA digestibility compared with SDPP 2. Growth-promoting effects of both SDPP sources in nursery diets have been clearly demonstrated in this work.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 292-293
Author(s):  
Jichen Song ◽  
Ahmed Aljuobori ◽  
C Martin Nyachoti ◽  
Gustavo A Mejicanos

Abstract Heat treatment could effectively decrease the antinutritional factors in soybean during meal processing. One such progress is the combination of extrusion with expelling, which produces the dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM), and there is a great interest in exploring its utilization as a dietary ingredient for swine. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 30 ± 1.3 kg) were used to determine the ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of DESBM fed to growing pigs with or without multi-carbohydrase (MC) supplementation. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give eight observations per treatment. The experimental diets were formulated to contain one of the two batches of DESBM (DESBM-1 and DESBM-2) as the sole source of protein. All diets contained titanium dioxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Each experimental period lasted for seven days, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 6 and d 7. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA were calculated using published mean values to estimate ileal endogenous AA losses. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedures of SAS, and the final model had treatment, batch, and the interaction between treatment and batch as the main effects. In general, the SID of AA in DESBM-1 and DESBM-2 were not different, such as Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val, which averaged 88.97%, 89.77%, 89.08%, 84.38%, and 86.85% respectively. There were no effects of MC supplementation on AID and SID of AA digestibility in DESBM except for the AID of Trp (P &lt; 0.05). Also, there were no interaction effects of MC supplementation and batch on AA digestibility in DESBM. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation did not improve the AID and SID of AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs.


2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 107-107
Author(s):  
Kevin Jerez-Bogota ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo

Abstract A study was conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value (NE) for pigs of heat-pretreated or enzyme-predigested corn whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS). Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 65.6 ± 3.5 kg) were fed 5 diets in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing corn DDGS, untreated WS (C-WS), heat-pretreated WS (Heat-WS) or enzyme-predigested WS (Predigested-WS), and N-free diet. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in feedstuffs was determined by difference from the N-free diet. The WS was heat pretreated at 140 °C and 70 psi for 15 min. Predigestion of the WS was achieved by incubating with multienzyme that supplied xylanase, celullase, α-galactosidase at 2.4, 2.0 and 2.3 mg per gram of WS, respectively, for 12 h at 55 °C. On DM basis, DDGS, C-WS, Heat-WS, Predigested-WS contained 32.8, 30.8, 28.18, and 39.7% CP, 39.8, 51.0, 52.2 and 53.8% NDF, and 4.5, 4.6, 5.7 and 4.5% EE, respectively. The SID of Lys for C-WS (75.5%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that for C-DDGS (67.4%) and Heat-WS (53.9%), but lower (P &lt; 0.05) than for Predigested-WS (84.1%). The NE value for C-WS (2,793 kcal/kg) did not differ from that of C-DDGS (2,668 kcal/kg DM). The NE value for C-WS was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that for Heat-WS (1,834 kcal/kg DM) and lower than that for Predigested-WS (2,814 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, enzymatic predigestion of WS increased its SID of Lys and NE value, and hence it can be an attractive technology to increase the nutritive value of corn DDGS for pigs. Heat pretreatment reduced SID of AA and NE values of the WS.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
Joaquin J Sanchez Zannatta ◽  
L F Wang ◽  
Eduardo Beltranena ◽  
Ruurd T Zijlstra

Abstract Heat processing may enhance nutrient digestibility of diets based on pulse grains. The objective of this study was to determine nutrient and energy digestibility of extruded lentil-based diets containing either supplemental plant or animal protein source in growing pigs. Two diets were formulated to provide 2.4 Mcal NE/kg and 4.35 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal NE: 1) soybean meal diet (SBM), containing 50% lentil, 31% wheat, and 12.8% soybean meal; and 2) fish meal diet (FM), containing 40% lentil, 45% wheat, and 10% fish meal. Following mixing, each diet was divided into 2 parts: one part remained mash while the other part was extruded using a single-screw extruder (105°C, 400 rpm, 5 kg water/h). The 2 extruded and 2 non-extruded diets were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (32.3 kg) were fed the 4 diets at 2.8 times maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. The FM diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) AID of DM, GE, and most AA, and ATTD of CP, but lower apparent hindgut fermentation of DM and GE than the SBM diets. The AID of CP and AA were 3.2 and 4.7%-units greater (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, and the ATTD of GE and DE values were 2.1 and 3.1%-units greater (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, for the extruded diets than the non-extruded diets. Interactions between protein source and extrusion were not observed. In conclusion, FM diets had greater ileal digestibility of DM, energy, and AA than SBM diets. Extrusion increased the AID of CP and most AA, and DE value of both plant- and animal-protein diets based on lentil grain, indicating that extrusion can increase the energy and protein value of pulse-grain based diets fed to growing pigs.


2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tofuko A. Woyengo ◽  
Aaron J. Cowieson ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola ◽  
Charles M. Nyachoti

Effects of phytic acid (PA) on ileal mineral and amino acid (AA) digestibilities and ileal endogenous AA flow in piglets were investigated. Seven ileal-cannulated weanling pigs were fed a casein–maize starch-based diet with PA (as sodium phytate) at 0, 5, 10 or 20 g/kg in 4 × 4 Latin square design with three added columns to give seven observations per treatment. The basal diet was formulated to meet National Research Council energy and AA requirements for piglets. The respective digestibility and endogenous lysine loss were determined by indicator and homoarginine methods. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Na, K and P was linearly and quadratically reduced (P < 0·05) by increased dietary PA concentration, whereas that of Ca and Mg was only linearly reduced (P < 0·05) by the dietary PA. The AID values for Mg and Na were negative ( − 0·03 and − 0·18, respectively) when PA was supplemented at 20 g/kg. The AID of isoleucine, leucine and valine responded quadratically to dietary PA concentration, though the differences between the AID values of the AA due to change in dietary PA concentration were marginal (at most by 1·8 percentage units). Furthermore, dietary PA did not affect (P>0·05) endogenous AA losses. The results suggest that PA has limited effect on the digestibility and endogenous losses of AA in piglets, but can reduce AID of Mg and Na partly by increasing endogenous losses of these minerals as evidenced by their negative AID values.


2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Hooda ◽  
Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli ◽  
Thavaratnam Vasanthan ◽  
Ruurd T. Zijlstra

Relative contributions of two functional properties, viscosity and fermentability of dietary fibre, on apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), digesta passage rate, N retention and SCFA concentration have not been established. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated pigs randomised in a double 4 × 4 Latin square were fed four diets based on maize starch and casein supplemented with 5 % of actual fibre in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: low-fermentable, low-viscous cellulose (CEL); low-fermentable, high-viscous carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); high-fermentable, low-viscous oat β-glucan (LBG); high-fermentable, high-viscous oat β-glucan (HBG). Viscosity and fermentability interacted to affect (P < 0·001) digesta viscosity and AID and ATTD of nutrients. These properties tended to interact to affect (P < 0·10) digesta passage rate and butyrate. Pigs fed the CMC diet had the lowest (P < 0·05) digesta passage rate and the highest (P < 0·001) AID of energy, crude protein and DM, and ATTD of energy and DM. Post-ileal DM digestibility was highest (P < 0·001) for pigs fed the CEL and HBG diets. Post-ileal DM digestibility had a negative, curvilinear relationship with the AID of energy and crude protein (R2 0·85 and 0·72, respectively; P < 0·001). Digesta viscosity had a less strong relationship with the AID of energy and crude protein (R2 0·45 and 0·36, respectively; P < 0·001). In conclusion, high-viscous, low-fermentable dietary fibre increases the proportion of a diet that is digested in the small intestine by reducing digesta passage rate.


2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Hristov ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
M. E. Olson ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
...  

Ten Jersey steers (484 ± 55 kg) were fed a basal diet of 70% rolled barley grain and 30% alfalfa silage [dry matter (DM) basis] with or without additives, in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square experiment. Treatments (additives per kilogram dietary DM) were: C, no additives (control); T, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1); SH, salinomycin (13 mg kg−1); TSM, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (6.5 mg kg−1); and TSL, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (3.25 mg kg−1). Ruminal pH, concentrations of ammonia, total free amino acids, reducing sugars and total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fluid phase viscosity were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Ruminal carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase and amylase activities, numbers of protozoa, and outflow rates of the liquid and solid phases of ruminal contents did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Ruminal lactic acid bacteria populations tended (P < 0.1) to be smaller with SH compared with C, but counts were unaffected (P > 0.05) by T, TSL and TSM. Partitioning of ruminal digesta and microbial protein flow were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Compared with C, the ruminal rate of degradation (in situ) of alfalfa DM tended to be higher (P < 0.10) with SH, and the rate of barley grain DM degradation was higher (P < 0.05) with T. Intake and apparent digestibilities of DM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment, as were blood glucose and urea levels. Tween 80 and salinomycin did not affect ruminal fermentation or nutrient digestibility in steers fed a barley grain/alfalfa silage diet. Key words: Tween 80, salinomycin, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, steer


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