PSV-9 Effects of Natural Honey Inclusion in Dilution and Freezing Extenders on Frozen-thawed Semen Quality in Boars

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Kayode B Balogun ◽  
Griffin Nicholls ◽  
Olujide Sokunbi ◽  
Kara R Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Normal Sperm ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Semen Extender ◽  
Natural Honey

Abstract Improvements in the post-thaw quality of frozen semen could allow increased utilization of this technology in the swine industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of natural honey inclusion in semen extender and freezing media on motility, mobility, and morphology of cryopreserved boar sperm. Ejaculates from 6 terminal cross-bred boars were collected using the gloved-hand technique for 3 weeks and used in a 2 x 3 factorial study design. Following collection, semen samples were incubated overnight in dilution extender with and without natural honey (D0: Androhep Plus; D1: Androhep Plus + 0.25% honey). The following day, the semen samples were cooled to 4 C in LEY cooling extender then frozen in freezing media containing 93% cooling extender + 6% glycerol + 1% Equex-STM Paste (F1), or freezing media with natural honey replacing 50% of the glycerol (F2) or 50% of the Equex-STM paste (F3). Semen samples were frozen using a controlled-rate freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen. Two straws per treatment for each boar were thawed and semen quality assessed. The inclusion of natural honey in dilution extender had no effect on post-thaw motility (P=0.733), progressive motility (P=0.562), or other mobility parameters (0.995≤P≥0.081). However, D1 had a higher percentage of normal acrosomes (P=0.001) and morphologically normal cells (P< 0.001) resulting from lower tail abnormalities compared to D0 (P=0.006). Post-thaw motility (P< 0.001) and progressive motility (P< 0.001) were increased in F3 compared to both F2 and F1. F1 had reduced normal acrosomes (P=0.009) and morphologically normal cells (P< 0.001) resulting from higher tail abnormalities (P< 0.001). In conclusion, the inclusion of natural honey, at 0.25%, in dilution extender helps maintain normal sperm and acrosome morphology, and replacing 50% Equex-STM Paste with honey in freezing extender improves post-thaw sperm motility and progressive motility of frozen-thawed boar semen.

Value of semen parameters, with special reference to TNF-α, in predicting the quality of boar semen after short-term storage

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janko Mrkun ◽  
Marjan Kosec ◽  
Petra Zrimšek
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Semen Storage ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Α Level ◽  
Term Storage

The aim of this study was to address the question whether changes in boar semen quality after short-term storage could be predicted on the basis of standard semen parameters and TNF-α level determined on the day of semen collection under commercial conditions. Progressive motility showed the highest positive correlation with morphology on day 0 of collection, and progressive motility on day 3 (P < 0.05) showed a negative correlation with acrosome abnormalities (P < 0.05). According to the area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves (AUCs), progressive motility could also be used in predicting semen quality after 3 days of storage (AUC > 0.5; P < 0.05). TNF-α in seminal plasma is the only parameter measured on day 0 to show a significant correlation with the percentage of viable spermatozoa after 3 days of semen storage (r = 0.495, P < 0.05). ROC analysis shows that TNF-α level is helpful in discriminating viability outcome after semen storage (AUC = 0.94, P < 0.001). We can predict with 92.35% certainty that fresh semen samples with more than 150 pg/ml of TNF-α in the seminal plasma will retain more than 85% of viable spermatozoa after 3 days of storage. Thus, TNF-α can contribute to predicting the quality of short-term stored semen.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Bakteri dan Efektivitas Antibiotik dalam Pengencer untuk Mengontrol Pertumbuhan Bakteri pada Semen Sapi Friesian Holstein

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Muttaqinullah Rabusin ◽  
Andriani Andriani ◽  
Raden Iis Arifiantini ◽  
Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Bovine Semen ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Bacterial Content ◽  
Pseudomonas Diminuta ◽  
Semen Extender ◽  
Fresh Semen

This study was designed to investigate the presence of bacterial species in Friesian Holstein (FH) bovine semen at the time of collection, processing and to assess the efficacy of two types of antibiotics combinations; penicillin and streptomycin (PS) and gentamycin, tylosin, lincomycin and spectinomycin (GTLS) in semen extender on bacterial control and quality of semen.  For this purpose, three experiments were conducted.  In experiment 1, identification of bacterial content in fresh semen which collected from 5 bovine ejaculates.  In experiment 2, identification of bacterial content in skimmilk-eggyolk extender which were prepared in artificial insemination center, Lembang, Bandung. In experiment 3, identification of bacterial content in frozen thawed semen.  In the result, some of bacterial species were isolated from the bovine semen.  The GTLS combination of antibiotics may be incorporated into a freezing extender or protocol without compromising the post-thawed semen quality of FH bull spermatozoa.  Three types of bacteria were found in fresh semen; Klebsiella sp., Micrococcus sp., and Pediococcus sp..  Three types of bacteria were found in semen extender; Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas diminuta and Serratia plymutica.  Two types of bacteria were found in frozen semen; Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia plymutica.  In conclusion, antibiotics PS and GTLS were effective for controlling the growth of bacteria in frozen semen. 

scholarly journals The Influence of Air Contact on the Quality of Extended Boar Semen

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Caroline De Veronez Ribeiro ◽  
Júlia Linck Moroni ◽  
Mariana Boscato Menegat ◽  
Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi ◽  
Mari Lourdes Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
Boar Semen

Background: The extensive use of artificial insemination in the swine industry emphasizes the need for distribution of good quality semen doses by the artificial insemination centers. A factor that could modify seminal quality is the contact of extended semen with environmental air. However, only few studies have investigated the effects of air presence on semen parameters. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different amounts of air on porcine semen quality during the storage period.Materials, Methods & Results: Four ejaculates from five sexually mature boars were used. Each ejaculate (n = 20) was isothermically diluted (30 x 106/mL) in a BTS-extender and assigned to three groups differing on the amount of air entrapped within the polystyrene tubes (100 mL). In group AIR-0 the tubes were completely filled with extended semen (0% air); in group AIR-25, 75% of the tube volume was filled with extended semen and 25% with air; in group AIR-50, 50% of the tube volume was filled with extended semen. The semen doses were stored at 17.3 ± 0.5ºC for 120 h. The motility parameters were assessed at 24, 72 and 120 h of storage using a CASA system. The evaluation of acrosomal integrity was performed by examining formalin-fixed samples under phase-contrast microscopy (1000 x) at 72 and 120 h of storage. The pH was measured at 24, 48, 72, and 120 h of storage with a digital pH-meter. At 120 h, samples were incubated in waterbath at 38°C for the thermoresistance test and sperm motility was assessed after 30 and 120 min of incubation. For each time analysis, a different sealed tube was used in order to maintain a constant amount of air within the tubes during storage. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS® Software. Boar and week of collection were included as random effect in the model. Groups were compared using the Tukey-Kramer test at a significance level of 5%. The pH was significantly influenced by the amount of air entrapped within the tubes (P < 0.01). Throughout the experiment, the pH of semen doses was higher as the amount of air increased within the tubes. The mean pH for groups AIR-50, AIR-25 and AIR-0 was 7.51 ± 0.06, 7.25 ± 0.06 and 7.07 ± 0.06, respectively. Overall motility was similar among the groups for up to 24 h of storage. At 72 h and 120 h of storage, total, progressive and rapid motility were higher (P < 0.05) in AIR-0 compared to AIR-50. The kinematic parameters DAP and VAP decreased as the volume of air within the tubes increased (P < 0.05). Group AIR-0 exhibited higher values (P < 0.05) for DSL, DCL, VSL, VCL, BCF, and WOB compared to AIR-25 and AIR-50. Furthermore, after the thermoresistance test performed at 120 h of storage, total motility, progressive motility and rapid motility were negatively affected (P < 0.05) by the increasing amounts of air within the tubes. There was no effect of air amount within the semen doses on acrosome integrity (P > 0.05).Discussion: The presence of air within tubes affects the quality of extended semen during storage, resulting in increase of pH and subsequent decrease in motility preservation. This pH-rise could be explained by the loss of CO2 from the diluted semen to the air compartment within the tube. At the same time, it is possible to infer that this event influences the intracellular pH of the spermatozoa, increasing sperm metabolism and, consequently, impairing sperm motility. Therefore, we conclude that avoiding air presence within storage containers is recommended in order to ensure the quality of boar semen doses.

Kualitas Semen Cair Kambing Boer Berbahan Pengencer Air Kelapa Muda Varietas Viridis Setelah Simpan Dingin

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ade Salim ◽  
Muhammad Nur Ihsan ◽  
Nur Isnaini ◽  
Trinil Susilawati
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Artificial Vagina

ABSTRAKAir kelapa muda varietas viridisdapat dijadikan pengencer aletrnatif semen cair bagi program IB di daerah minim sarana semen beku. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji pengaruh penggunaan air kelapa muda viridissebagai bahan pengencer terhadap kualitas semen cair kambing Boer setelah didinginkan. Dilaksanakanselama 3 bulan di Laboratorium Fakultas Peternakan UBUnit SumberSekar,Malang. Metodenya yaitu eksperimen. Semen dari  3 pejantan Boer umur 3-5 tahun, dikoleksi seminggu sekali dengan VB. Air kelapa mudaviridis umur 5-7 bulan serta tris aminomethane sebagai kontrol. Didesain menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 perlakuan yaitu P0 (tris aminomethane + 10% KT) dan  P1 (air kelapa muda viridis + 10% KT) masing-masing diulang 10 kali. Data dianalisis dengan analisis Ragam (Anova) dengan software Genstat 18. Variabelnya yaitu motilitas individu, viabilitas dan abnormalitas. Hasil penelitian yaitu motilitas individu pada P1bertahan sampai 4 hari (40,5± 24,3%), viabilitas terbaik sampai hari ke-5 (42±24,6%), abnormalitas terendah di hari ke-7(1,31± 0,6). Kesimpulannya, Pengencer air kelapa muda viridis dapat mempertahankan kualitas semen cair kambing Boer selama 4 hari untuk motilitas dan 5 hari untuk viabilitas.Kata Kunci:pengencer, air kelapa, varietas viridisABSTRACTYoung viridis coconut water could be used as an alternative to liquid semen diluent for artificial insemination program in the area with limited facility for frozen semen production. This study evaluated the use of young coconut water as a diluent on liquid semen quality of Boer goat after cold storage. This study was carried out for 3 months at Sumber Sekar Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Brawijaya, Malang. The semen was collected from 3 Boer bucks aged at 3 to 5 years old. The semen collection was done once a week with the aid of artificial vagina. The diluents used were young Viridis coconut (5 to 7 months old) and tris aminomethane. The method used was an experiment in a randomized block design with 2 treatments and 10 replicates. The treatments used were T0: tris aminomethane + 10% egg yolk (control) and T1:  young Viridis coconut water + 10% egg yolk. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance using Genstat 18 software. The variables measured were sperm individual motility, viability, and abnormality. The results showed that the sperm individual motility in T1 survived up to 4 days (40.5± 24.3%), the best viability at 5 days (42.0±24.6%),  while the lowest abnormality at 7 days (1.31±0.6). It could be concluded that: 1. Tris aminomethane diluent has higher quality with the storage length up to 9 days, 2. Young Viridis coconut water diluent could preserve liquid semen quality of Boer goat up to 4 days for sperm motility and 5 days for sperm viability.Keywords: diluents, coconut water, viridis variety

scholarly journals Assessment of quality in specific fractions of Large White Yorkshire boar semen

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Ambily ◽  
Malati Naik ◽  
Hiron M. Harshan ◽  
C. Jayakumar ◽  
M. P. Unnikrishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Shock ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Membrane Cholesterol ◽  
Large White ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Sperm Membrane ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Quality Assessments

Boar semen is voluminous and ejaculated as jets or fractions of pre-sperm, sperm rich (SRF) and post-sperm rich fractions. Recent studies have reported more resilient characteristics of sperm in initial portions of SRF towards cold shock and cryopreservation. The present study was conducted to assess the quality of specific fractions of SRF, namely, first 10mL of SRF (F1) and rest of SRF (F2) in Large white Yorkshire (LWY) boar semen. Ejaculates were collected using gloved-hand technique and were subjected to quality assessments of volume, pH, sperm progressive motility, concentration, plasma membrane integrity, abnormality, acrosome integrity and sperm membrane cholesterol. Upon statistical analysis, significant differences were noticed in volume, pH, sperm concentration and sperm membrane cholesterol between fractions of the ejaculate.

scholarly journals Comparison of semen characteristics between indigenous and Amo breeds cockerel of Gombe State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2-1) ◽  
pp. 303-306
Author(s):  
Tijjani Haruna Usman ◽  
Saleh Mohammed Sir ◽  
Ma’aruf Bashir Sani
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Indigenous Breed ◽  
Normal Sperm ◽  
Abnormal Sperm ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Semen Characteristics ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Abdominal Massage

The experiment was carried out to compare the semen characteristics of indigenous and Amo strains of cockerel at poultry unit of teaching and research farm of Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria. Semen samples were collected from nine indigenous and nine Amo breeds of cockerel at three days interval for two weeks using abdominal massage technique. Semen samples were examined macroscopically for semen colour, pH and ejaculation volume. Then, microscopic observation was carried for sperm concentration, mass motility, progressive motility, live and dead sperms percentage, normal and abnormal sperm, all for semen characteristics. The results showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between mass motility, progressive motility, sperm concentration and head defects of 4.85 ± 0.27 to 4.37 ± 0.19, 95.13 ± 0.43 to 81.63 ± 1.15%, 4.93 ± 1.84 to 3.40 ± 1.07×109/ml and 2.96 ± 0.17 to 3.44 ± 0.12% for indigenous and Amo breeds of cockerel, respectively. There were no significant differences observed as semen colour, ejaculate volume, semen pH, live / dead normal sperm neck (mid-piece), tail defects and sperm total abnormalities were found to be 2.85 ± 0.07 to 2.00 ± 0.090.21 ± 0.17 to 0.20 ± 0.02 /ml, 88.85 ± 0.58 to 72.70 ± 0.54% /ml, 11.14 ± 0.58 to 27.29 ± 0.54%, 81.00 ± 0.78 to 66.22 ± 0.61%,9.03 ± 0.42 to 13.96 ± 0.47%, 9.70 ±  to 13.00 ± 0.30 and 21.70 ± 0.59 to 30.40 ± 0.53% for the indigenous and Amo breed groups of cockerel, respectively. It was concluded that semen quality characteristics could be differed between genetically improved (Amo strain) and indigenous breed of cockerels.

Male traits and herd reproductive capability in tropical beef cattle. 2. Genetic parameters of bull traits

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Corbet ◽  
B. M. Burns ◽  
D. J. Johnston ◽  
M. L. Wolcott ◽  
D. H. Corbet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Scrotal Circumference ◽  
Normal Sperm ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Mass Activity ◽  
Percent Normal

A total of 4063 young bulls of two tropical genotypes (1639 Brahman and 2424 Tropical Composite) raised in northern Australia were evaluated for a comprehensive range of production and reproduction traits up to 24 months of age. Prior to weaning, peripheral blood concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH) and inhibin were measured at 4 months of age. At weaning (6 months) blood insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and flight time were recorded. Body composition traits of fat depth and eye-muscle area were determined by ultrasonography at 15 months of age when additional measurements of liveweight, hip height and body condition score were recorded. Bull breeding soundness was evaluated at ~12, 18 and 24 months of age when measurements of scrotal circumference, sheath score, semen mass activity, progressive motility of individual sperm and percent morphologically normal sperm were recorded. Magnitude of heritability and genetic correlations changed across time for some traits. Heritability of LH, inhibin, IGF-I and of 18-month scrotal circumference, mass activity, progressive motility and percent normal sperm was 0.31, 0.74, 0.44, 0.75, 0.24, 0.15 and 0.25, respectively, for Brahmans and 0.48, 0.72, 0.36, 0.43, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.20, respectively, for Tropical Composites. Inhibin and IGF-I had moderate genetic association with percent normal sperm at 24 months in Brahmans but low to negligible associations in Tropical Composites. Body condition score in Brahmans and sperm motility (mass and individual) traits in both genotypes had moderate to strong genetic correlation with percent normal sperm and may prove useful candidates for indirect selection. There is scope to increase scrotal circumference by selection and this will be associated with favourable correlated responses of improved semen quality in both genotypes. The lack of genetic antagonism among bull traits indicates that selection for improved semen quality will not adversely affect other production traits.

scholarly journals 284 Gene polymorphism of 5, 10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase is related to boar semen quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
wen lai ◽  
chao Wang ◽  
Jian Peng
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Mthfr Gene ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Double Mutation ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Methylene Tetrahydrofolate

Abstract 5, 10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an important enzyme in folate and homocysteine metabolism, and plays an important role in regulating folate levels, DNA synthesis and methylation in cells. Defects in the MTHFR gene can lead to spermatogenesis disorders and male sterility. Polymorphic loci of MTHFR gene and semen quality of 1,490 boars were examined to explore their relationship. Results showed there were 13 polymorphic loci on MTHFR gene exon in boars with different semen quality, among which loci 1 and 2 were missense mutations. For Duroc boars, although there were synonymous mutations at loci 3–5 and 11, the mutation had no effect on semen quality (P &gt; 0.05). In addition to loci 13, loci 1–12 of the MTHFR gene had mutations, but it had no effect on semen quality in Yorkshire boars (P &gt; 0.05). Interestingly, for Landrace boars, double mutation of MTHFR gene at 1–2, 6–10, and 12 loci (CC → TT) led to decreased sperm motility and increased abnormal sperm rate (P &lt; 0.05). Further analysis showed seminal plasma MDA and hydrogen peroxide levels were increased in Landrace boars with the mutation of MTHFR gene at loci 1–2, 6–10 and 12 (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, double mutation of MTHFR gene at 1–2, 6–10, and 12 loci decreased semen quality and increased oxidative stress in sperm, and these mutant loci may be potential biomarkers for predicting the semen quality of Landrace boars.

17 EFFECT OF LOCAL TREATMENT OF SEMINAL VESICULITIS ON THE QUALITY OF EQUINE FRESH SEMEN

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Ringer Lactate ◽  
Plasma Membrane Integrity ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Seminal Parameters ◽  
Fresh Semen ◽  
Lactate Solution

Stallions affected by seminal vesiculitis present history of infertility or subfertility, ejaculatory disturbance, spread of sexually transmitted pathogens, and changes in semen characteristics, leading to reduced semen quality and longevity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the semen quality of stallions with seminal vesiculitis before and after local treatment. Five stallions with a mean age of 12.4 years diagnosed with seminal vesiculitis were used. The identification of the microorganism involved in the pathogenesis of seminal vesiculitis of each animal was performed by bacterial culture of the seminal vesicles flush with Ringer Lactate solution, performed in duplicate at 1-week intervals. After identification of bacteria was performed, there was susceptibility testing to antibiotic (antibiogram) and the appropriate antibiotic was chosen. The local treatment was performed by endoscopy for 10 consecutive days, and this consisted of flushing with Ringer Lactate solution, followed by infusion of the antibiotic selected. The semen analyses were performed before starting the local treatment for seminal vesiculitis (M0), after a week (M1), and after a month (M2) of therapy. Sperm kinetics were performed by computerized method – CASA for the following parameters: percentage of sperm with total motility, progressive motility, and rapid sperm. Analysis of plasma membrane integrity was performed by epi-fluorescence microscopy, using the combination of fluorescent probes carboxyfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. Percentage of leukocytes was assessed through evaluation in light optical microscopy of semen smears stained with DiffQuick. The content of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by colourimetric Griess reaction by a spectrophotometer through the concentrations of nitrate (NO3–) and nitrite (NO2–). To perform the count of colony forming units per millilitre (CFU mL–1), an aliquot of 0.1 mL of semen was diluted in 9.9 mL of saline. A 0.1-mL aliquot of this sample was plated on Mueller-Hinton agar. The seeded plates were incubated, and the bacterial colonies were counted after 24 h. According to the performed dilution, total colonies identified corresponds to ×10 000 CFU mL–1. The data were analysed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (P < 0.05). The values (mean ± standard error) of seminal parameters on M0, M1, and M2 were the following, respectively: sperm kinetics (total motility: 46.5 ± 5.13a; 75.1 ± 3.42b; 42.8 ± 5.28a; progressive motility: 19.3 ± 3.86a; 33.4 ± 2.39b; 16.5 ± 2.40a; rapid sperm: 22.2 ± 1.82a; 52.2 ± 5.65b; 22.1 ± 2.62a); plasma membrane integrity (47.5 ± 4.65a; 62.9 ± 5.41b; 39.1 ± 4.32a); percentage of leukocytes (35.2 ± 2.36a; 15.1 ± 2.55b; 36.1 ± 4.04a); CFU (119 980 × 103 ± 19 528.0 × 103a; 5375 × 103 ± 2453.7 × 103b; 65 850 × 103 ± 19 701.0 × 103ab) on fresh semen; and NO content (0.645 ± 0.172a, 0.117 ± 0.023b, 0.364 ± 0.110ab) on seminal plasma. The results demonstrate that local treatment after a week leads to an improvement in sperm quality; however, this was not maintained after 1 month of therapy, since the seminal parameters at this time are similar to pretreatment, which can be justified by recurrent disease.

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