scholarly journals The development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their common features

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Daisy Liu ◽  
Chaoyang Lian ◽  
Leng-Siew Yeap ◽  
Fei-Long Meng
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Antibody Discovery ◽  
The Common ◽  
Antibody Technology ◽  
Neutralizing Epitopes

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since December 2019. There is a great demand for effective therapies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Developing therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which could block viral infection, issuch a promising approach, as NAbs have been successfully applied to the treatment of other viral infections. The recent advances of antibody technology have greatly accelerated the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs, and many of which are now actively tested in clinical trials. Here, we review the approaches applied for SARS-CoV-2 NAb development, and discuss the emerging technologies underlining the antibody discovery. We further summarize the common features of these antibodies including the shared neutralizing epitopes and sequence features.

scholarly journals Favipiravir and the Need for Early Ambulatory Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
Ambulatory Treatment ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor ◽  
Multiple Drugs

ABSTRACT It is becoming increasingly clear that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), like most human viral infections, will require multiple drugs in combination to treat COVID-19 illness. In this issue of the Journal, Doi and colleagues describe successful treatment of patients with early COVID-19 with favipiravir, an oral polymerase inhibitor, to rapidly and substantially clear SARS-CoV-2 from nasal secretions irrespective if it was started relatively early or later within the first week of infection. These data support the concept that favipiravir could be paired with at least one more off-target antiviral agent (doxycycline, azithromycin, or ivermectin) followed by corticosteroids and antithrombotics to prevent COVID-19 hospitalization and death in those over age 50 and/or those with one or more comorbidities. Clinical trials and advanced practice should immediately pivot to combination/sequential drug therapy for ambulatory COVID-19 illness.

scholarly journals Examining the cross-reactivity and neutralization mechanisms of a panel of mAbs against adeno-associated virus serotypes 1 and 5

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole E. Harbison ◽  
Wendy S. Weichert ◽  
Brittney L. Gurda ◽  
John A. Chiorini ◽  
Mavis Agbandje-McKenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Viral Capsids ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Antigenic Epitopes

Neutralizing antibodies play a central role in the prevention and clearance of viral infections, but can be detrimental to the use of viral capsids for gene delivery. Antibodies present a major hurdle for ongoing clinical trials using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs); however, relatively little is known about the antigenic epitopes of most AAV serotypes or the mechanism(s) of antibody-mediated neutralization. We developed panels of AAV mAbs by repeatedly immunizing mice with AAV serotype 1 (AAV1) capsids, or by sequentially immunizing with AAV1 followed by AAV5 capsids, in order to examine the efficiency and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. The antibodies were not cross-reactive between heterologous AAV serotypes except for a low level of recognition of AAV1 capsids by the AAV5 antibodies, probably due to the initial immunization with AAV1. The neutralization efficiency of different IgGs varied and Fab fragments derived from these antibodies were generally poorly neutralizing. The antibodies appeared to display various alternative mechanisms of neutralization, which included inhibition of receptor-binding and interference with a post-attachment step.

scholarly journals COVID-19 vaccine development: What lessons can we learn from TB?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain A. Safar ◽  
Abu Salim Mustafa ◽  
Timothy D. McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
The Common

AbstractAt the time of writing, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 49 million people causing more than 1.2 million deaths worldwide since its emergence from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has drawn the global attention in order to stop the spread of the virus, with more than 10 vaccines being tested in phase III clinical trials, as of November 2020. However, critical to vaccine development is consideration of the immunological response elicited as well as biological features of the vaccine and both need to be evaluated thoroughly. Tuberculosis is also a major infectious respiratory disease of worldwide prevalence and the vaccine development for tuberculosis has been ongoing for decades. In this review, we highlight some of the common features, challenges and complications in tuberculosis vaccine development, which may also be relevant for, and inform, COVID-19 vaccine development.

scholarly journals An Early Test-and-Treat Strategy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T Schiffer ◽  
Christine Johnston ◽  
Anna Wald ◽  
Lawrence Corey
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Lower Likelihood ◽  
Golden Opportunity

Abstract As coronavirus disease 2019 cases and deaths continue to expand globally, there is an urgent need to develop, test, and approve effective antiviral therapies. Currently, a majority of clinical trials are evaluating therapies in patients who are already hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection. Given that the median time between development of symptoms and need for hospitalization is 1 week, a golden opportunity to intervene early is being missed. Indeed, for many other viral infections, early treatment soon after development of symptoms is associated with decreased mortality, lower hospitalization rates, and lower likelihood of transmission to others. In this study, we advocate for randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, clinical trials to evaluate promising agents early during SARS CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Recapitulation of Antimalarial Drugs use in the Prevention and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Maham Zahid ◽  
Kinza Waqar ◽  
Nafisa Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused Coronavirus pandemic (COVID- 19). Repurposing of antimalarial drugs as a potential treatment option for hospitalized, non-hospitalized as well for prevention against SARS CoV-2 have been researched as potential COVID-19 treatments, with some moving into clinical trials. This review article revisits the evidence and draws comparison regarding their safety and efficacy.

scholarly journals Natural Supplements for COVID19—Background, Rationale, and Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 2515690X2110368
Author(s):  
Melody Hermel ◽  
Megan Sweeney ◽  
Yu-Ming Ni ◽  
Robert Bonakdar ◽  
Douglas Triffon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Current Guidelines

Worldwide, the turmoil of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has generated a burst of research efforts in search of effective prevention and treatment modalities. Current recommendations on natural supplements arise from mostly anecdotal evidence in other viral infections and expert opinion, and many clinical trials are ongoing. Here the authors review the evidence and rationale for the use of natural supplements for prevention and treatment of COVID-19, including those with potential benefit and those with potential harms. Specifically, the authors review probiotics, dietary patterns, micronutrients, antioxidants, polyphenols, melatonin, and cannabinoids. Authors critically evaluated and summarized the biomedical literature published in peer-reviewed journals, preprint servers, and current guidelines recommended by expert scientific governing bodies. Ongoing and future trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov were also recorded, appraised, and considered in conjunction with the literature findings. In light of the controversial issues surrounding the manufacturing and marketing of natural supplements and limited scientific evidence available, the authors assessed the available data and present this review to equip clinicians with the necessary information regarding the evidence for and potential harms of usage to promote open discussions with patients who are considering dietary supplements to prevent and treat COVID-19.

scholarly journals Antiviral plant preparation as a topical treatment for respiratory viral infections in adults and children

2021 ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
Seda S. Grigoryan ◽  
Tatiana I. Garashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

On average, of the 57 million (currently more) annual deaths worldwide, more than 25% are directly related to infectious diseases. Of these, more than 90% are epidemics of respiratory viral diseases, including variants of influenza and a new coronavirus infection, as well as HIV/AIDS, gastrointestinal diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, measles, and associated bacterial complications. Of particular importance in the prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections in at-risk groups is the use of plant preparations notable for their safety, absence of undesirable side effects and well studied in the treatment regimens of airborne diseases. The article focuses on an antiviral drug based on a liquid root extract of South African geranium Pilargonium sidoides (EPs® 7630) that meets these requirements. Antiviral activity of the drug was investigated and established in the model of different strains of influenza virus and other respiratory viral infections in cell cultures MDCK, Vero, A549, L 929 and human embryonic fibroblasts, as well as in vivo in a number of randomized clinical trials in children and adults with acute respiratory infections. In addition, EPs® 7630 has proven antiviral effect on the replication of a wide range of respiratory viruses, including influenza A virus (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus and one of human coronaviruses. A review of randomized multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trials conducted in different years in different countries on the effectiveness of EPs® 7630 is presented. Taking into account the results of efficacy trials in the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory diseases conducted in different years, EPs® 7630 is deservedly included in international and Russian recommendations. It is preferred as a universal agent for antiviral therapy and prevention of a wide range of respiratory diseases in children and adults.

scholarly journals Unmet Medical Needs in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Neoplasms

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Baudin ◽  
Aimee R. Hayes ◽  
Jean-Yves Scoazec ◽  
Pier Luigi Filosso ◽  
Eric Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Atypical Carcinoid ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pulmonary Carcinoids ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Unmet Medical Needs

Pulmonary carcinoids (PCs) display the common features of all well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) and are classified as low- and intermediate-grade malignant tumours (i.e., typical and atypical carcinoid, respectively). There is a paucity of randomised studies dedicated to advanced PCs and management principles are drawn from the larger gastroenteropancreatic NEN experience. There is growing evidence that NEN anatomic subgroups have different biology and different responses to treatment and, therefore, should be investigated as separate entities in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the existing evidence and limitations of tumour classification, diagnostics and staging, prognostication, and treatment in the setting of PC, with focus on unmet medical needs and directions for the future.

scholarly journals Antibody-Based Immunotherapeutic Strategies for COVID-19

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 917
Author(s):  
Jamal Hussen ◽  
Mahmoud Kandeel ◽  
Maged Gomaa Hemida ◽  
Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Corona Virus

Global efforts to contain the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) include the development of novel preventive vaccines and effective therapeutics. Passive antibody therapies using convalescent plasma, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome-Corona-Virus-2)-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are among the most promising strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, several immunomodulatory antibodies acting via several mechanisms to boost the host immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as to avoid the harmful overreaction of the immune system are currently under clinical trial. Our main objective is to present the current most up-to-date progress in some clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. We highlight the pros and pitfalls of several SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based immunotherapeutics.

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