Immunology of Multiple Sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Piccio ◽  
Anne H. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that targets myelin but affects both white matter and gray matter. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be mediated by cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. CD4+ T lymphocytes of the Th1 and Th17 subtypes are believed to be critical for the initiation of multiple sclerosis. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies that deplete B lymphocytes has proven that B cells are critical to relapse development in multiple sclerosis. While immunopathophysiology is clearly important in MS, whether multiple sclerosis is truly an autoimmune disorder and the target or targets of the autoimmunity remain unknown.

scholarly journals Immunology and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Basic Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genaro G. Ortiz ◽  
Fermín P. Pacheco-Moisés ◽  
Oscar K. Bitzer-Quintero ◽  
Ana C. Ramírez-Anguiano ◽  
Luis J. Flores-Alvarado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Demyelinating Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits many of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder including breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the recruitment of lymphocytes, microglia, and macrophages to lesion sites, the presence of multiple lesions, generally being more pronounced in the brain stem and spinal cord, the predominantly perivascular location of lesions, the temporal maturation of lesions from inflammation through demyelination, to gliosis and partial remyelination, and the presence of immunoglobulin in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Pro-inflammatory cytokines amplify the inflammatory cascade by compromising the BBB, recruiting immune cells from the periphery, and activating resident microglia. inflammation-associated oxidative burst in activated microglia and macrophages plays an important role in the demyelination and free radical-mediated tissue injury in the pathogenesis of MS. The inflammatory environment in demyelinating lesions leads to the generation of oxygen- and nitrogen-free radicals as well as proinflammatory cytokines which contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Inflammation can lead to oxidative stress and vice versa. Thus, oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in a self-perpetuating cycle.

scholarly journals Multiple sclerosis (MS) is autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Miriam Fedičová ◽  
Marianna Vitková ◽  
Jarmila Szilasiová ◽  
Zuzana Gdovinová FEAN
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals An introduction to the microbiome and MS

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Trott ◽  
Irah L King
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Commensal Species ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The human microbiota is composed of diverse forms of microorganisms that live on or in us and plays a crucial role in the health and development. Commensal species that reside in the intestine particularly influence host physiology at local and systemic levels. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system for which there is currently no cure. While the cause of MS is unknown, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the microbiota can play both pathogenic and protective roles in disease progression. In this review, we provide a brief overview, based on both animal and clinical studies, of the current understanding by which the microbiota may influence MS and discuss opportunities for therapeutic intervention that may alleviate the symptoms associated with this debilitating neuroimmunological disease.

Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in treatment of multiple sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Liang ◽  
H Zhang ◽  
B Hua ◽  
H Wang ◽  
J Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stem Cells Transplantation

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. Umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells are immunosuppressive. We transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in a patient with refractory progressive MS, and the disease course was stabilized after the transplantation. We postulate that mesenchymal stem cells have a potent immunosuppressive effect in vivo.

Neuromyelitis Optica

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron E. Miller ◽  
Teresa M. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system with a predilection for the optic nerves and spinal cord, has long been confused with classical multiple sclerosis. In this chapter, we review the important clinical and radiographic distinctions of NMO and NMO spectrum disorders, and summarize promising new concepts in pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches.

Pathologic Factors and Spectrum of Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 531-539
Author(s):  
Claudia F. Lucchinetti ◽  
Yong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Autoreactive T Cells ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of nontraumatic disability in young adults. It is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Traditionally, MS has been considered an autoimmune disorder consisting of myelin autoreactive T cells that drive an inflammatory process, leading to secondary macrophage recruitment and subsequent myelin destruction. However, accumulating data based on increasing numbers of probes that can be effectively applied to MS tissue have indicated that the events involved in the immunopathogenesis of MS may be more complicated.

scholarly journals ANTIAPOPTOSIS ACTIVITY OF PLANT POLYPRENYLPHOSPHATE AGAINST MACROPHAGE TARGET CELLS INFECTED WITH THE MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1S) ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
T N Kozhevnikova ◽  
A V Sanin ◽  
S V Ozherelkov
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

Antiapoptosis activity of plant polyprenylphosphate against macrophage target cells infected with the murine encephalomyelitis virus. Infection caused by the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is regarded as an experimental model of multiple sclerosis, since both of these diseases are characterized by similar pathology of the central nervous system tissues and involvement of the immune system in the development of the demielinization. The aim of the work was to study the effect of plant-derived polyprenylphosphate (PP) on the apoptosis of infected target cells. We showed that PP reduced apoptosis of macrophage target cells infected with TMEV. It is known that in the protocol of multiple sclerosis treatment some medicines possessing immunomodulatory, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity are used. Since PPs of plant origin also have all these activities, the prospects of their use as therapeutic agents are discussed.

scholarly journals JC Polyomavirus (JCV) and Monoclonal Antibodies: Friends or Potential Foes?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Antonia Diotti ◽  
Akira Nakanishi ◽  
Nicola Clementi ◽  
Nicasio Mancini ◽  
Elena Criscuolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Jc Polyomavirus ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), observed in immunodeficient patients and caused by JC virus ((JCV), also called JC polyomavirus (JCPyV)). After the HIV pandemic and the introduction of immunomodulatory therapy, the PML incidence significantly increased. The correlation between the use of natalizumab, a drug used in multiple sclerosis (MS), and the PML development of particular relevance. The high incidence of PML in natalizumab-treated patients has highlighted the importance of two factors: the need of PML risk stratification among natalizumab-treated patients and the need of effective therapeutic options. In this review, we discuss these two needs under the light of the major viral models of PML etiopathogenesis.

Nutrition in neurological conditions

2011 ◽  
pp. 689-700
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Motor Neurone ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Multiple sclerosis 690 Motor neurone disease 692 Parkinson's disease 694 Alzheimer's disease 696 Dietary treatments for epilepsy 698 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system with a UK prevalence of ∼1.4 in 1000. Damage is caused to the myelin sheath surrounding nerves, thus impairing the conduction of impulses. The condition varies from a relapsing/remitting pattern (∼80% patients) to a progressive form that may be fatal within a few years. Nutritional considerations relate to:...

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