The Trouble with the Old-Time Religion

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
George M. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Carnegie Foundation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Catholic Universities ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Faculty Retirement ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Syracuse University ◽  
Vanderbilt University

The first decades of the twentieth century saw considerable controversy over the role of more traditional Christianity at major universities. Some popular critics warned the public that universities were becoming hostile to old-time religion. Catholic universities, which were outside the mainstream, remained conservative and strengthened defenses against modern thought with neo-Thomist philosophy. The new Methodist universities had some of the most prominent controversies. Vanderbilt University was moving toward more progressive Christian views, but these were opposed by some archconservative Methodists. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching put pressure on schools to be nonsectarian and to sever denominational ties if they were to participate in the attractive faculty retirement program. Syracuse University, a Methodist school under Chancellor James R. Day, is the most revealing case of resistance to this pressure.

scholarly journals Desiring the Secular: Capital, Cohesion, and the Fantasy of Secularization

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Ian A. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious Difference ◽  
Religious Subject ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Public Sphere

Towards the end of the twentieth century, religion re-emerged as a topic of pressing concern in a number of the most self-consciously secularized states of the global north. From disputes over the wearing of headscarves in schools to debates over accommodations for religious practices in the public sphere, religion, particularly the ‘foreign’ religiosity of migrants and other minority religious subjects, appeared on the scene as a phenomenon whose proper place and role in society required both urgent and careful deliberation. This article argues that in order to account for the affective potency produced by the immanence of the figure of the ‘foreign’ religious subject, it is necessary to understand secularization as fantasy. It is within the fantasy of secularization that the secular emerges as an object of desire—as something that, if attained, appears as a solution to the problem of ‘foreign’ religiosity—and figures of inassimilable religiosity assume the role of scapegoats for the failure to resolve these concerns. In this sense, within this fantasy scene, the secular promises to provide ‘us’ with something that we are lacking. However, this promise has been undermined by the apparent persistence of religious difference. As such, as a result of their continued religiosity, ‘they’ appear to be taking something from ‘us’.

scholarly journals Zaynab al-Ghazālī’s Women, Marriages, and Contradictions: Her Life as an Archive

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
Lucia Carminati
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious Teaching ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Islamic Society ◽  
Geographical Context

Zaynab al-Ghazālī (1917-2005) is regarded as a pioneering figure in the field of women’s preaching and religious teaching in Egypt. Her story, however, remains largely undocumented. In Western scholarship, al-Ghazālī has often been framed in terms of a contradictory figure, whose own choices flagrantly undercut her statements on the role of women in Islamic society. Trying to go beyond this type of appraisal, her writings are analyzed in order to question whether or not Zaynab al-Ghazālī’s intellectual genealogy should be understood within the context of her considerable exposure to a well-developed discourse of women’s rights at the turn of the twentieth century. Indeed, she made available to Muslim women a particular field of arguments, while foreclosing for them certain possibilities for action. Overall, her statements and choices in life need to be read as a function of her historical and geographical context and her positioning needs to be framed within the consciousness on the role women had come to play in the public domain.

scholarly journals Prosvita Society in Volyn in 1918 – 1939: The Formation and Functioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (48) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Ivan Tychyna
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Educational Organization ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the history study of the formation and functioning of district societies «Prosvita»in Volyn between the two world wars. The formation of the public-educational organization in Volyn was in 1918 and functioned up to the end of the 30s of the twentieth century in the region, until it was banned by the Polish authorities. The article analyzes the main directions of the educational work of the society, national cultural work on the background of development and changes in socio-political relations. The role of the Ukrainian intellectuals in the preservation and development of culture and education in Volyn voivodeship between the two world wars was revealed. The author highlighted the achievements and untapped opportunities of the district Prosvita in Volyn, the difficulties and problems, which the society faced and followed the relationship between Prosvita and the Polish state administration in Volyn voivodeship. Keywords: Prosvita, Volyn, Volyn voivodeship, Galicia, Polish authorities, Ukrainian schooling, publishing, reading libraries, repressions, de-nationalization

scholarly journals Legacies of British Colonial Violence: Viewing Kenyan Detention Camps through the Hanslope Disclosure

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoife Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Violent Incident ◽  
The Public ◽  
British Colony ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Detention Camps ◽  
Colonial Violence ◽  
Colonial Histories

A number of works have recently been published that seek to re-narrate colonial histories, with a particular emphasis on the role of law in at once creating and marginalizing colonial subjects.1Focusing on mid-twentieth century detention camps in the British colony of Kenya, this article illuminates a colonial history that was deeply buried in a Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) building for many years. As such, the analysis supports the revelatory work of David Anderson and Caroline Elkins, who highlighted the violence that underpinned British detention and interrogation practises in Kenya.2In particular, the article explores recently declassified colonial files, and pieces together a picture of administrative subterfuge, suppression of facts, and whitewashing atrocities, threaded through with official denial, which long outlived its colonial genesis. Against the hypothesis that detention laws created an architecture of destruction and concomitant custodial violence in Kenya, the article establishes that an accountability deficit is the legacy of detention without trial as it was practiced in colonial Kenya. By untangling a complex web of colonial records and government papers relating to Kenya, this article reveals the often insurmountable pressure that was exerted to conceal evidence of detainee violence, and the role of a highly sophisticated propaganda machine that controlled the public narrative of a violent incident when outright denial was impossible.

Theodore M. Hesburgh, Theologian: Revisiting Land O’Lakes Fifty Years Later

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Hahnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Academic Freedom ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Catholic Theology ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
Catholic Universities ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
The University

Theodore M. Hesburgh, CSC, was the driving force behind the 1967 Land O’Lakes Statement—a watershed document that affirmed both the distinctive identity of Catholic universities and the “true autonomy and academic freedom” they needed to excel. This article explores the prominent role of theology in the Land O’Lakes Statement by means of an examination of Hesburgh’s specifically theological commitments. Attending first to the status of Catholic theology in the early twentieth century, the article considers Hesburgh’s neo-Scholastic formation, his early work on the theology of the laity, and the evolution of his thinking as president of the University of Notre Dame. It concludes that the category of mediation, present in Hesburgh’s earliest work, would come to ground the dialogical role he thought theology had to play to ensure the nature and mission of the contemporary Catholic university.

scholarly journals A PERSONALIZED APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL FORECASTING IN UKRAINE IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherniak S. G.
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sunday Schools ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personalized Approach

The article is devoted to the study of a personalized approach to the problem of educational and pedagogical forecasting in Ukraine in the early twentieth century. The author emphasizes that a personalized approach to the study of the problem of educational and pedagogical forecasting in the early twentieth century is the main prerequisite for the development of forecasting pedagogical thought, which must be specified. I.Ya. Franco saw the direction of educational influence in the mastery of scientific knowledge, the harmonious improvement of the body in the process of physical labor. S.F. Rusova, as the coryphaeus of preschool pedagogy, laid the foundation for the content of the educational process through the introduction of the native language, national holidays, and Christian values of the Ukrainian people. G.G. Vashchenko took the Christian ideal as the basis for predicting pedagogical phenomena and processes. P.P. Blonsky defended the independent nature of pedagogical science. І.І. Ogienko stressed the importance of native education, the formation of Christian virtue, justice, and diligence. B.D. Grinchenko defended the inseparable connection of education with the life and culture of other peoples. L. Ukrainka had the same opinion. The teacher insisted on the importance of considering the role of the teacher in the public school, sharply raised the issue of the struggle for social and national liberation of the Ukrainian people. T.G. Lubnets is considered the luminary of the theory of pedagogy. H.D. Alchevskaya entered the history of pedagogy in Ukraine as a prominent figure in the field of adult education, organizer of Sunday schools. І.М. Steshenko advocated the nationalization of secondary and higher education. Minister P.M. Ignatiev defined the organizational and pedagogical principles of educational and pedagogical forecasting through the reform of the education system.

scholarly journals Listening to the Silence: Huxley, Arnold, and Wells' Scientific Humanity

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-93
Author(s):  
Jan Vanvelk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Literature And Science ◽  
Scientific Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Thomas Henry Huxley ◽  
Prophetic Vision ◽  
The Future

H. G. Wells' writings from the first few years of the twentieth century inherit a discourse on literature and science that can be traced back to the Victorian debate between Thomas Henry Huxley and Matthew Arnold. The legacy of this dispute that permeates Wells' texts here under investigation lies in the biological metaphors that are deployed to imagine the human as a partaker of humanity in general. The scientific education propagated by Wells crucially engages with the language of the beautiful, the politics of civilisation projects, and the role of fictional and non-fictional texts as devices of social action. Recognising the strong sense in these texts that they could serve as tools for the formation of humanity as the prime agent of science, this article seeks to examine ‘humanity’ as a term denoting both the audience for and the achievement of the public intellectual's prophetic vision for the future.

Back to the Future Qasbah

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-89
Author(s):  
Megan Eaton Robb
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Physical Isolation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
The Future

This chapter delves into the role of space and time in the formation of the public. Statements in Madīnah linked Bijnor’s physical isolation to a temporal distance, a spatial-temporal rift that allowed it to define a segment of the Urdu public that stood at odds with the “Westernized city,” and from this position also to reach out and connect with a broader Muslim qaum. This chapter explores the power of alternate temporalities, enabled by nostalgia, as a mechanism of power. Statements about the passage of time were irruptive, enabling the construction of an alternative qasbah timescape, and with this alternative timescape, an alternative public. While the qasbah has more recently been tied to an idealized past, close analysis of the discourse of Madīnah newspaper reveals an early twentieth-century voice that saw the present, past, and future as productively intertwined in the qasbah.

Ghosts in the Academy: Historians and Historical Consciousness in the Making of Modern Uganda

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Economic Modernization

AbstractThe public and professional significance of precolonial History as a discipline has declined markedly across much of sub-Saharan Africa over the last forty years: History has been both demonized—depicted as deeply dangerous and the source of savagery and instability—and portrayed as irrelevant when set alongside the needs for economic modernization and “development.” This paper explores this trend in the context of Uganda, with a particular focus on the kingdom of Buganda, chosen for its particularly rich oral and literary heritage and the thematic opportunities offered by its complex and troubled twentieth century. The paper aims to explore how “the past”—with a focus on the precolonial era—has been understood there in several distinct periods. These include the era of imperial partition and the formation of the Uganda Protectorate between the 1880s and the 1910s; competition for political space within colonial society to the 1950s; decolonization and the struggle to create new nationhood in the mid-twentieth century; and political crises and partial recovery since the 1970s. Ultimately, the paper seeks to assess the role of History in a modern African society vis-à-vis the developmental agendas and notions of economic growth against which African “progress” and prospects for “stability” are currently measured.

Women, economy, war

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (877) ◽  
pp. 161-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Nordstrom
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Vanishing Points ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
The Public ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Victims Of Violence

AbstractPolitical violence amplifies contemporary trends occurring worldwide in the twenty-first century: globalization, an increasing reliance on the informal economy, a shift from twentieth-century manufacturing to resource and labour wildcatting, and the growth of complex international extra-legal trade networks. Women are central to all of these, though their roles both as leaders of development and victims of violence are often overlooked in mainstream analyses. To explain these invisibilities, this article introduces the concept of vanishing points – places where formal analyses and policy effectively cease, such as the dividing lines between formal and informal economies, and the violence associated with controlling extra-legal profits that is effectively invisible to the public at large. The realities of women's work amid political violence and postwar development, and across the spectrum of in/formality are explored. The conclusions serve to challenge established notions of power, profit, and economy, and the role of gender within these.

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