Indirect imperative forms

2020 ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fixed Expressions ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Interpersonal Situations ◽  
The Third Person

An element particularly conspicuous in day-to-day conversation is the frequent occurrence of a verb form by means of which the desirability or advisability of some state of affairs is expressed. This form is often compared to the so-called subjunctive in other languages. However, the function of the indirect imperative in Turkish is quite different. There is one suffix for the third-person singular and one for the third-person plural. Such forms can be negated or questioned, as well as negated and questioned at the same time. And what is more, the projectional suffix for the past is applicable as well. The occurrence of indirect imperative forms in many fixed expressions based on olsun ‘may it be’ shows how important these structures are in interpersonal situations.

scholarly journals Regressive Vowel Harmony in Libyan Arabic

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-50
Author(s):  
Yousef Mokhtar Elramli ◽  
Tareq Bashir Maiteq
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Skeletal Structure ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
The City

The aim of this paper is to study Regressive vowel harmony induced by a suffixal back round vowel in the Libyan Arabic dialect spoken in the city of Misrata. The skeletal structure in the collected words is a /CVCVC-/ stem followed by the third person plural suffix /-u/. Consequently, the derived form of the examined words becomes /CVCVCV/. Following a rule of re-syllabification, the coda of the ultimate syllable in the stem becomes the onset of the newly formed syllable (ultimate in the derived form). Thus, in the presence of the suffix /-u/ in the derived form, all vowels in the word must harmonise with the [+round] feature of /-u/ unless there is a high front vowel /i/ intervening. In such cases, the high front vowel is defined as an opaque segment that is incompatible with the feature [+round]. Syllable and morpheme boundaries within words do not seem to contribute to blocking the regressive spreading of harmony. An autosegmental approach to analyze these words is adopted here. It is concluded that there are two sources in underlying representations for regressive vowel harmony in Libyan Arabic. One source is floating [+round] and another source is [+round].

Telling the Traumas of History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Lipson Freed
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Distortions ◽  
Leslie Marmon Silko ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Arundhati Roy ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Small Things ◽  
The Third Person

Focusing on the novels Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko, and The God of Small Things, by Arundhati Roy, Chapter 2 uses trauma theory to explore how histories of imperial domination refuse to be confined to the past. These two novels invite readers to identify to varying degrees with their traumatized protagonists, holding out the possibility of a resistant and revisionary “history from below.” Ultimately, however, a careful analysis of these two works reveals how literary trauma theorists, in their eagerness to give voice to the voiceless, are too readily taken in by the imaginative construct of the third-person narrator. While individual characters in these novels may suffer the cognitive distortions of trauma, the fragmentary, non-linear account that their readers receive is, in both cases, mediated by the presence of a narrator whose choices are conscious, volitional, and strategic.

The verbal system

2019 ◽  
pp. 176-231
Author(s):  
D. Gary Miller
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
System P ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Weak Verbs

Verbs in Gothic are thematic, athematic, or preterite present. Several classes, including modals, are discussed. Strong verbs have seven classes, weak verbs four. Inflectional categories are first, second, and third person, singular, dual (except in the third person), and plural number. Tenses are nonpast and past/preterite. There are two inflected moods, indicative and optative, and two voices (active, passive). The passive is synthetic in the nonpast indicative and optative. The past system features two periphrastic passives, one stative-eventive with wisan (be), the other inchoative and change of state with wairþan (become). Middle functions are mostly represented by simple reflexive structures and -nan verbs. Nonfinite categories include one voice-underspecified infinitive, a nonpast and past participle, and a present active imperative. The third person imperative is normally expressed by an optative.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DEIKSIS DALAM BAHASA GORONTALO

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Aryati Hamzah ◽  
William I. S. Mooduto ◽  
Imam Mashudi
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Third Person

This research aims to describe the use of deixis in Gorontalo Language. This research was conducted in two stages namely the stage of preparation and implementation of the research. This research was conducted for 1 year. The result of the research showed that the form and meaning of deixis are person deixis, time and place. Persona deixis is divided into several types is deixis of first-person singular (wa’u ‘1sg’, watiya ‘1sg’), deixis of the first person plural (ami ‘1pl.excl’), deixis of the second person singular (yi’o ‘2sg’, tingoli ‘2sg’), deixis of the second person plural (tingoli ‘2pl’, timongoli ‘2pl’), and deixis of the third person singular (tio ‘3sg’) and timongolio ‘3pl’ as a deixis of the third person plural. Whereas, deixis of place are teye, teyamai ‘here’, tetomota ‘there’ this means to show the location of the room and the place of conversation or interlocutor. Deixis time among others yindhie ‘today’, lombu ‘tomorrow’, olango ‘yesterday’, dumodupo ‘morning’, mohulonu ‘afternoon’, hui ‘night’ which have the meaning to show the time when the speech or sentence is being delivered.

scholarly journals BENTUK DAN PENGGUNAAN PRONOMINA PERSONA BAGI MAHASISWA STKIP BANJARMASIN (THE FORM AND USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS BY STKIP STUDENT IN BANJARMASIN)

Kadera Bahasa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Suryatin
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
The Third Person

This study discusses the forms and variations in the use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms and variations in the use personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data collection is obtained by observation techniques, see, and record. Research data are in the form the speech used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin, Department of PBSID (Local or Indonesian Language and Literature Education). The results show that the using personal pronouns are three forms, namely the first person, second person, and third person. Based on the type of reference personal pronoun used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are singular and plural pronoun.When it is viewed from the morphological distribution, there are a full form and a short form. The short forms are usually used in proclitic (appears before its host) and also enclitic (appear after its host). Personal pronouns used by the students in their speech are varied. Although they are in Banjar, they do not only use personal pronouns in Banjar language, a part of the students use the first person singular pronoun gue ‘aku’. Personal pronouns in Banjar language used by the STKIP students in Banjarmasin are the first person singular pronoun, ulun, unda, sorang, saurang and aku. First person singular pronoun aku has some variations –ku and ku- that are bound morpheme. First person plural is kami and kita. The second person pronouns are pian, ikam, nyawa, and kamu. Meanwhile, the third person singular pronouns are Inya and Sidin. The third person plural pronoun is bubuhannya. The use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are dominantly consist of five speech components only that are based on the situation, the partner, the intent, the content of the message, and how the speaker tells the speech.

scholarly journals Unrealism in russian prose of early 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-C) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Elena V. Astashchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Imperative Mood

  The aim of the article is to analyze the multilevel manifestation of the text modality - from grammatical to aesthetic and build a general concept of unrealism as a peripheral, but permanent, constant of the modernist era. However, the ubiquity and dominant delimitation, necessary of structures with conjunctions of unreal comparison, with the predominance of those derived from future forms over those derived from the imperfect, also serves to strengthen the independence of the artwork from social pressure. Subsequently, the characteristic structures of modernity, analogous to the European "future in the past", building an alternative reality, are supplanted by the imperative mood of the second person, with the illocutionary act of calling for a change in the existing reality, in the primitive vanguard and the third person with the "pust" particle [let] in the middle of the 20th century, gradually degenerating into the imperative mood with the "puskai" particle [May], whose motivating pathos is extremely low.  

Waarom Veroveren 'Hun' Onze Taal?

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Roeland van Hout
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Geographical Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Subject Pronoun ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Reduced Forms

Like English, Dutch has a case distinction in the pronoun of the third person plural. English makes a distinction between they versus them, Dutch distinguishes zij and hen/ bun (in addition to the reduced forms ze). Nowadays, hun occurs frequently in large areas of the Netherlands as a subject pronoun. Its use is largely restricted to spoken Dutch, but it provokes strong feelings of abhorrence among the gatekeepers of a correct standard Dutch. This contribution gives an overview of the linguistic and sociolinguistic data available and of the types of explanation put forward to account for the sudden rise of this oblique form in subject position. (New) dialect-geographical data presented lead to the formulation of a framework which redefines and integrates linguistic and socio-linguistic explanations or effects. An important feature of the framework is the interaction between the different effects responsible for the strong rise of hun (='them') in subject position.

Ieskats Virgas izloksnes fonētikā un morfoloģijā

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Liene Markus-Narvila
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Third Person

Virga subdialect is one of the subdialects of Southwestern Kurzeme, which belongs to Semigallian subdialects of the Middle Latvian dialect. The characteristics of Virga subdialect can be traced by using mostly three sources: materials of Latvian folklore, the compiled answers to the questions of the Dialectal Atlas of Latvian collection programme, and collected texts of the subdialects, including the materials of expeditions in Virga subdialect collected in the 21st century. These three sources are the primary material for the article. The phonetic and morphological features of Virga subdialect are generally consistent with the phonetical and morphological features typical throughout the Southwestern Kurzeme region. The sections of the article focus on the typical and most representative features in phonetics and morphology of Virga subdialect and reveal their relationship with the typical features of the subdialects used in the whole area. Phonetics of Virga subdialect is characterised by the use of broad e, ē in infinitives, palatal consonant ŗ, assimilation of ln to ll, the loss of sounds in different positions, anaptyxis, and vowel extension before the consonant r. Morphology of Virga subdialect is characterised by the abbreviation of verbs (ne)būt, (ne)iet in the past tense, the third person; ē-stem substantives; āio-stem verbs; the use of suffix ūz-. In the future, further research of Virga subdialect is important in order to determine the stability of the use of the registered features and register other features of the subdialect. Studies of the nearest neighbouring subdialects should also be carried out to allow a wider scientific in-depth analysis of the subdialects used in the area.

On plurality

2020 ◽  
pp. 304-328
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Special Problem ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Class Inclusion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

Certain pronouns exhibit inherent plurality and a corollary of this property is that multiple subjects require agreement (or concord): the expression of plurality on the predicate. Hence it takes a personal marker agreeing in person and number with that subject. Similar phenomena play a role in postponed suffixation, that is, when the suffixes for person and number in a clause occur solely in the final clause of a sentence. A special problem is posed by the question of what exactly determines the position where the personal marker for the third person plural should be placed. It is shown that notions such as property attribution, class inclusion, and identification are the mechanisms which are the crucial factors in the placement of the plural marker.

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