Entropy

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-138
Author(s):  
James P. Sethna
Keyword(s):  
Information Entropy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Heat Engine ◽  
Black Hole Entropy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Residual Entropy ◽  
Phase Conjugate ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

This chapter explores irreversibility, disorder, and ignorance as manifestations of entropy. Entropy measures irreversibility. The inevitable increase of entropy was discovered by analyzing a reversible heat engine, and implied the heat death of the Universe. Entropy measures disorder. Osmotic pressure is the entropy of ions in water; the residual entropy of glasses measures their atomic disorder. Entropy measures our ignorance about the world. Information entropy is used to compress messages and files on the Internet. Exercises span information entropy (burning information and Maxwell’s demon, reversible computation, card shuffling, Shannon entropy, entropy of DNA and aging, entropy of messy bedrooms, data compression), fundamentals of equilibration (Arnol’d cat map, proofs for and against entropy increase, phase conjugate mirrors), materials science (rubber bands and glasses), and astrophysics and cosmology (life at the end of the Universe, black hole entropy, Dyson spheres, cosmic nucleosynthesis and the arrow of time).

scholarly journals Using the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) and Federated Virtual Observatory Archives for Multiwavelength Studies of AGNs

2002 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 379-388
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Mazzarella ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Virtual Observatory ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
The Universe

AbstractWe live in an exciting era that offers increasing opportunities for people all over the world to make discoveries about the Universe using interconnected archives on the Internet as a primary research tool. We review how NED (http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu) can be used in concert with globally distributed online archives to perform multi-wavelength, crosscorrelated studies of AGNs and other galaxy types. The present status and planned evolution of NED capabilities are discussed.

Semi-Structured Data Extraction from Heterogenous Sources

2000 ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Gao ◽  
Leon Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
The Universe

The World Wide Web is known as the “universe of network-accessible information, the embodiment of human knowledge” (W3C, 1999). Internet-based knowledge management aims to use the Internet as the world wide environment for knowledge publishing, searching, sharing, reusing, and integration, and to support collaboration and decision making. However, knowledge on the Internet is buried in documents. Most of the documents are written in languages for human readers. The knowledge contained therein cannot be easily accessed by computer programs such as knowledge management systems. In order to make the Internet “machine readable,” information extraction from Web pages becomes a crucial research problem.

scholarly journals Notes towards an anthropology of the internet

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 15-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Hart
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe

What might an anthropology of the internet look like? It require a combination of introspection, personal judgment and world history to explore the universe of cyberspace. This world is not sufficient to itself, nor is it 'the world'. People bring their offline circumstances to behaviour online. The virtual and the real constitute a dialectic in which neither can be reduced to the other and 'virtual reality' is their temporary synthesis. Heidegger's metaphysics are drawn on to illuminate this dialectic. Before this, the internet is examines in the light of the history of communications, from speech and writing to books and the radio. The digital revolution of our time is marked by the convergence of telephones, television and computing. It is the third stage in a machine revolution lasting just 200 years. The paper analyses the political economy of the internet in terms of the original three classes controlling respectively increase in the environment (land), money (capital) and human creativity (labour). It ends with a consideration of Kant's great example for a future anthropology capable of placing human subjectivity in world history.

Causality and Filling the Ignorance Gap

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara E. Gorman ◽  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Public ◽  
Intravenous Drugs ◽  
The World ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Two Bodies

There is an old adage: “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.” In the science denial arena, however, this adage seems to have been recrafted to something like: “What you don’t know is an invitation to make up fake science.” Before it was dis¬covered that tuberculosis is caused by a rather large bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis it was widely believed to be the result of poor moral character. Similarly, AIDS was attributed to “deviant” lifestyles, like being gay or using intravenous drugs. When we don’t know what causes something, we are pummeled by “experts” telling us what to believe. Vaccines cause autism. ECT causes brain damage. GMOs cause cancer. Interestingly, the leap by the public to latch onto extreme theories does not extend to all branches of science. Physicists are not certain how the force of gravity is actually conveyed between two bodies. The theoretical solutions offered to address this question involve mind-boggling mathematics and seemingly weird ideas like 12 dimensional strings buzzing around the universe. But we don’t see denialist theories about gravity all over the Internet. Maybe this is simply because the answer to the question does not seem to affect our daily lives one way or the other. But it is also the case that even though particle physics is no more or less complex than molecular genetics, we all believe the former is above our heads but the latter is within our purview. Nonphysicists rarely venture an opinion on whether or not dark matter exists, but lots of nonbiologists will tell you exactly what the immune system can and cannot tolerate. Even when scientific matters become a little more frightening, when they occur in some branches of science, they register rather mild atten¬tion. Some people decided that the supercollider in Switzerland called the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) might be capable of producing black holes that would suck in all of Earth. Right before the LHC was scheduled to be tested at full capacity, there were a few lawsuits filed around the world trying to stop it on the grounds that it might induce the end of the world.

Between Caves: From Plato to the Brain through the Internet

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Echeverria ◽  
Adolfo Plasencia
Keyword(s):  
Binary System ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Evolutionary Step ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Modern Computing

In this dialogue, the philosopher of science and mathematician Javier Echeverria, begins by explaining how Leibniz created the first modern binary system, in which ‘1 and 0’ is capable of expressing everything, - something that marked the beginning of all modern computing and the subsequent digital revolution -, and why there would be no Internet without this language. He then argues why everything that is intelligible cannot be digitized. After, he explains why digitization is part of the invention of writing, how it transforms the world and might imply a great evolutionary step forward. He then rationalizes why we should speak of “intelligences”, in the plural, rather than just one intelligence and why, for him, intelligence is a question of degree. Later in the dialogue, he reflects on collective and “biosocial” intelligence, as well as explaining his vision of the Internet as Plato’s Cave, why he thinks metaverses are possible, and why he believes in the possibility that the universe is a huge hologram. Finally, he describes how our brains are starting to become bionic (“techno-brains”), thus enabling control technologies, and why this digital revolution poses a great challenge for the humanities

scholarly journals Information, Entropy Decrease and Simulations of Astrophysical Evolutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Chang YF
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Theoretical Result ◽  
Information Entropy ◽  
Heat Engine ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Quantum Thermodynamics ◽  
Entropy Increase ◽  
Quantum Heat Engine ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Great Development

Entropy is a great development in science. We proposed that entropy decrease due to internal interactions in the isolated system is possible. We define the entangled scale, which mainly involves the number n and entangled degree. Since coherence, entanglement and correlation are all internal interactions in information systems, we discuss quantitatively entropy decrease along coherence, and entropy increase only for incoherence. From beginning quantum heat engine, we must systematically study quantum thermodynamics. Based on some astrophysical simulation models, they shown that the universe evolves from disorder to structures, which correspond to entropy decrease. This is consistence with theoretical result. The simulation must be an isolated system only using internal gravitational interactions.

A hitchhiker’s guide to microscopy and microanalysis using telecommunications, e-mail, and the Internet

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 390-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nestor J. Zaluzec
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Information Superhighway ◽  
The World ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
On Line ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Communication Software ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
E Mail

The Information SuperHighway, Email, The Internet, FTP, BBS, Modems, : all buzz words which are becoming more and more routine in our daily life. Confusing terminology? Hopefully it won't be in a few minutes, all you need is to have a handle on a few basic concepts and terms and you will be on-line with the rest of the "telecommunication experts". These terms all refer to some type or aspect of tools associated with a range of computer-based communication software and hardware. They are in fact far less complex than the instruments we use on a day to day basis as microscopist's and microanalyst's. The key is for each of us to know what each is and how to make use of the wealth of information which they can make available to us for the asking. Basically all of these items relate to mechanisms and protocols by which we as scientists can easily exchange information rapidly and efficiently to colleagues in the office down the hall, or half-way around the world using computers and various communications media. The purpose of this tutorial/paper is to outline and demonstrate the basic ideas of some of the major information systems available to all of us today. For the sake of simplicity we will break this presentation down into two distinct (but as we shall see later connected) areas: telecommunications over conventional phone lines, and telecommunications by computer networks. Live tutorial/demonstrations of both procedures will be presented in the Computer Workshop/Software Exchange during the course of the meeting.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

‘A pinch of unseen, unguarded dust’: The World and Self in Thomas Hardy's Poems

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Monika Szuba
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Phenomenological Philosophy ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Recurrent Theme ◽  
Body Subject

The essay discusses selected poems from Thomas Hardy's vast body of poetry, focusing on representations of the self and the world. Employing Maurice Merleau-Ponty's concepts such as the body-subject, wild being, flesh, and reversibility, the essay offers an analysis of Hardy's poems in the light of phenomenological philosophy. It argues that far from demonstrating ‘cosmic indifference’, Hardy's poetry offers a sympathetic vision of interrelations governing the universe. The attunement with voices of the Earth foregrounded in the poems enables the self's entanglement in the flesh of the world, a chiasmatic intertwining of beings inserted between the leaves of the world. The relation of the self with the world is established through the act of perception, mainly visual and aural, when the body becomes intertwined with the world, thus resulting in a powerful welding. Such moments of vision are brief and elusive, which enhances a sense of transitoriness, and, yet, they are also timeless as the self becomes immersed in the experience. As time is a recurrent theme in Hardy's poetry, this essay discusses it in the context of dwelling, the provisionality of which is demonstrated in the prevalent sense of temporality, marked by seasons and birdsong, which underline the rhythms of the world.

India Goes Digital..Smartphone is the New Shopping Destination

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Shankar Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Online Shopping ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Mobile Commerce ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The World ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
User Friendly

Despite being in nascent stage m-commerce is gaining momentum in India. The explosive growth of smart-phone users has made India much loved business destination for whole world. Indian internet user is becoming the second largest in the world next to China surpassing US, which throws open plenty of e-commerce opportunities, not only for Indian players, offshore players as well. Mobile commerce is likely to overtake e-commerce in the next few years, spurred by the continued uptrend in online shopping and increasing use of mobile apps.The optimism comes from the fact that people accessing the Internet through their mobiles had jumped 33 per cent in 2014 to 173 million and is expected to grow 21 per cent year-on-year till 2019 to touch 457 million. e-Commerce brands are eyeing on the mobile app segment by developing user-friendly and secure mobile apps offering a risk-free and easy shopping experience to its users. Budget 4G smart phones coupled with affordable plans, can very well drive 4G growth in India.

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