scholarly journals The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Cook ◽  
Rebecca Diamond ◽  
Jonathan V Hall ◽  
John A List ◽  
Paul Oyer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract The growth of the “gig” economy generates worker flexibility that, some have speculated, will favor women. We explore this by examining labor supply choices and earnings among more than a million rideshare drivers on Uber in the United States. We document a roughly 7% gender earnings gap amongst drivers. We show that this gap can be entirely attributed to three factors: experience on the platform (learning-by-doing), preferences and constraints over where to work (driven largely by where drivers live and, to a lesser extent, safety), and preferences for driving speed. We do not find that men and women are differentially affected by a taste for specific hours, a return to within-week work intensity, or customer discrimination. Our results suggest that, in a “gig” economy setting with no gender discrimination and highly flexible labor markets, women’s relatively high opportunity cost of non-paid-work time and gender-based differences in preferences and constraints can sustain a gender pay gap.

Sustainable Cycling for all? Race and Gender–Based Bicycling Inequalities in Portland, Oregon

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1181-1202
Author(s):  
Amy Lubitow ◽  
Kyla Tompkins ◽  
Madeleine Feldman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Economic Barriers ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Amidst findings of increased bicycling in the United States, research continues to demonstrate that women and racial minorities are underrepresented as cyclists in the United States (Buehler and Pucher 2012). While quantitative data may reveal estimates of these disparities, we know little about the motivations or deterrents related to cycling as they are experienced by individuals. This article draws from 30 in–depth interviews with women and people of color in Portland, Oregon to clarify ongoing barriers to bicycling that prevent those who own a bike (and are thus not limited strictly by economic barriers) from becoming more routine cyclists. Findings suggest that barriers for marginalized cyclists range from concerns about development and gentrification to overt racial and gender discrimination experienced while riding. These findings suggest that cycling mobilities are critically linked to intersecting and overlapping identities and those efforts to increase diversity in bike ridership must acknowledge the unique challenges experienced by marginalized groups. We conclude this article by offering suggestions from research participants regarding interventions that might reduce social barriers to biking.

Sexism and Gender Discrimination in Pakistan's Mainstream News Media

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-89
Author(s):  
Erum Hafeez ◽  
Luavut Zahid
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
News Media ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Media Industry ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Women Journalists ◽  
Female Journalists ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Method Approach

This research aims to examine how sexism and gender discrimination impacts women journalists in Pakistan. The International Federation of Journalists (2018-19) ranks Pakistan as the fourth most dangerous country for journalists. The Coalition for Women in Journalism declares Pakistan as the sixth-worst for female journalists (2019). In 2018, the Global Gender Gap Report highlighted Pakistan as second from bottom, ranking it 148 out of 149 countries. Given these numbers, the country is an ominous space for women in news media. This study collects the data from women journalists working in the three largest cities of Pakistan, that is, Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. The aim is to investigate the issues faced by female journalists due to discrimination at the workplace including glass ceiling, pay gap, and lack of female leadership. Following the mixed-method approach, around 102 women journalists were surveyed, and 10 were interviewed. Findings indicate the rampant existence of sexism in Pakistani media and its detrimental effects on the growth of a gender-balanced news media industry.

Sociological Profiling of Armed Robbery Convicts in Kirikiri Female Prisons, Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Richard Abayomi Aborisade ◽  
Similade Fortune Oni
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Armed Robbery ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

AbstractIncreasing female involvement in violent crime is a concern in Nigeria; still, it is unclear what informs this sudden surge in a society that supposedly socializes feminine gender to be soft, caring, and compassionate. This article explores the sociological profiles of women involved in armed robbery, drawing case examples from 32 convicts in a Nigerian female penitentiary. It was found that women were made susceptible to deviance by some social factors such as familial variables, neighborhood characteristics, gender discrimination, neglect, and violence. Both primary and secondary social groups were found to be major facilitators in the initiation into crime, development of criminal career, entry into armed robbery, and maintenance of life as a robber. This article concludes that gender-based inequality in all social facets and the unfavorable socio-economic conditions in Nigeria increase the vulnerability of women to be recruited into criminality. A revival of the family institution, gender-neutral parenting, government’s intervention for improvement of socio-economic wellbeing, and gender education are suggested.

scholarly journals Occupational Demand, Cumulative Disadvantage, and Gender: Differences in University Graduates’ Early Career Earnings

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-194
Author(s):  
Michael Robert Smith ◽  
Sean Waite
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Dot Com

A number of mechanisms contribute to the gender earnings gap – both its level and trends in it. We focus on three of them: occupational demand, the cumulation of disadvantage that originates in the unequal domestic division of labour, and labour market statuses which also may originate in the domestic division of labour. We show that changes in occupational demand associated with the dot-com boom and what followed it have caused substantial shifts in the relative earnings of young male and female university graduates. We provide evidence of how one consequence of the domestic division of labour – differences in hours worked by gender - contribute to the size and growth of the female earnings disadvantage. And, even in our generally young sample, human capital accumulation is more likely to be disrupted for women than for men. We identify several methodological and substantive implications of our results.

scholarly journals What Constitutes Sexual Harassment and How Should Administrators Handle It?

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Cumings Mansfield ◽  
Amy Gray Beck ◽  
Kakim Fung ◽  
Marta Montiel ◽  
Madeline Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preparation Programs ◽  
Office For Civil Rights ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
And Gender

Gender discrimination and sexual harassment persist on college campuses across the United States. This seems especially obvious at the beginning of the academic year when many freshman women and their parents are welcomed to campus with sexually explicit signs displayed on all-male residences. But, sometimes, sexual harassment and gender discrimination takes a subtler form, creating unique challenges for administrators. This article presents the true case of a professional fraternity party gone awry, testing the leadership skills of several college administrators. The case provides a platform for educational leadership students to apply the theories they are learning in their preparation programs to real-life situations. This case is important and timely as educational leaders across the p-20 pipeline struggle to navigate the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights’ 2011 directives concerning defining and responding to allegations of sexual assault and harassment.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa J. Threat
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Army Nurse Corps ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Military Nursing ◽  
And Gender

This book examines the battles over race and gender discrimination and social justice by linking the civil rights story of the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) to critical events in the United States between World War II and the Vietnam War. Using the microcosm of military nursing, it considers how agents of change became defenders of exclusionary practices when some of the same women who challenged their exclusion from the military or civilian nursing profession, or those who had gained considerable status within the profession, were unwilling to extend the opportunities to men who sought out military nursing careers. The book also explores the connection between the campaigns to integrate the ANC and the domestic and international anxieties during the Cold War by suggesting that anticommunism both hindered and supported the prospect for gender and race equality within the ANC and, by extension, civilian society.

Othering Honor-Based Violence: The Perspective of Antiviolence Operators in Northern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
Marina Della Rocca ◽  
Dorothy Louise Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women's Shelters ◽  
Women’S Shelters ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years, so-called honor-based violence has become a major issue for the operators of the women's shelters in South Tyrol (Northern Italy) that support women who have suffered from domestic violence. The antiviolence operators who work in the women's shelters generally relate this form of violence to the experiences of young migrant-origin women. In this article, we discuss the operators' definitions of honor-based violence, which present a variety of dichotomous categories that reveal a process of othering and evoke the lexicon of the international conventions on gender discrimination and gender-based violence. Indeed, some traces of an essentialist understanding of culture are still recognizable in this lexicon, most of all in the relationship of culture with the concept of honor. We conclude by identifying possible ways to overcome the risk of essentialization in the antiviolence operators' practices, suggesting how to redefine them by incorporating the migrant-origin women's perspectives and stressing the significance of this study for a wider understanding of the women's empowerment in the advocacy work of the women's shelters.

scholarly journals Gender Equality in Europe; Developments with reference to Gender Pay Gap and Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zaheer Iqbal Cheema ◽  
Ali Nawaz ◽  
Jawwad Riaz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The European Union has kept the agenda of gender equality at the front line of legislation and policy development. The research examined the policies and the efficacy of the European Union in endorsing gender equality and determines where the Union’s system has proved to be less effective. Despite the efforts by the European Union in addressing gender-related issues, a slow improvement has been indicated in achieving gender parity. Inequality persists in many domains of gender equality, including the gender pay gap and gender-based violence. Our research suggests that adequate attention in terms of relevance, effective implementation and funding must be given to all domains of gender equality.

scholarly journals Nilai Responsif Gender dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Rizka Eliyana Maslihah
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The issue of gender responsiveness become a subject of study that is widely discussed. Discourse about the equality of men and women reap many pros and cons from various circles, as the result of social construction differences that affect the perspective of mindset. This article intends to describe the gender-responsive value contained in the material of Arabic language learning. Where the material presented includes the use of mudzakar and muannats vocabulary, where both have equal status without any stereotypes and subordinates of them. This article was written using library research; the author analyzed the use of mudzakar and muannats vocabulary in a balanced manner, as well as the use of various gender discriminations in the form of gender stereotypes and gender-based violence found in Arabic textbooks in grades IV and VI of Islamic Elementary School (MI). Based on the analysis result, the researcher concludes that gender-responsive emphasis has been appearing in Arabic language teaching materials, but it needs more. So, in the next, gender discrimination will not be found in the Arabic language teaching material of Islamic Elementary School (MI). ملخص أصبحت الإشاعة عن استجابة الجنس بحثا مرحوبا فى مجال المعارف. وحصد البحوث فى تكافؤ الرجال والنساء الموافقة والمعارضة من قبل الاجتماعية. حيث أن الاختلاف فى بنية الاجتماعية سيؤدي إلى الاختلاف فى ضوء العقليات. وكتبت هذه المقالة للكشف عن التصور الشامل للنتائج  من استجابة الجنس فى مادة تعليم اللغة العربية. حيث اشتملت المادة فى استخدام المفردات المذكّر والمؤنث. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، وجد تكافؤ الدرجة دون النمطية وثانوية النساء فى المجتمع. وكتبت هذه المقالة بمدخل البحث المكتبي للتحليل عن استخدام المفردات المذكّر والمؤنث بالتكافؤ، دون النمطية وثانوية النساء فى الكتب المدرسي للفصل الرابع إلى السادس لمستوى المدرسة الإبتدائية. وحصلت الكاتبة على النتيجة كما يلي: ظهرت التركيز من النتائج لاستجابة الجنس فى مادة تعليم اللغة العربية جيّدة، ولكن يحتاج التركيز إلى التقوية، للوصول إلى عدم تمييز الجنس فى مادة اللغة العربية لـهذا المستوى. الكلمات الرئيسية: النتيجة، استجابة الجنس، مادة التعليم، تمييز الجنس

scholarly journals Obstacles to Birth Surname Retention Upon Marriage: How Do Hostile Sexism and System Justification Predict Support for Marital Surname Change Among Women?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chayinska ◽  
Özden Melis Uluğ ◽  
Nevin Solak ◽  
Betül Kanık ◽  
Burcu Çuvaş
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
System Justification Theory ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Despite the ongoing shift in societal norms and gender-discriminatory practices toward more equality, many heterosexual women worldwide, including in many Western societies, choose to replace their birth surname with the family name of their spouse upon marriage. Previous research has demonstrated that the adherence to sexist ideologies (i.e., a system of discriminatory gender-based beliefs) among women is associated with their greater endorsement of practices and policies that maintain gender inequality. By integrating the ideas from the system justification theory and the ambivalent sexism theory, we proposed that the more women adhere to hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs, the more likely they would be to justify existing gender relations in society, which in turn, would positively predict their support for traditional, husband-centered marital surname change. We further argued that hostile (as compared to benevolent) sexism could act as a particularly strong direct predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We tested these possibilities across three cross-sectional studies conducted among women in Turkey (Study 1, N=118, self-identified feminist women; Study 2, N=131, female students) and the United States (Study 3, N=140, female students). Results of Studies 1 and 3 revealed that higher adherence to hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was associated with higher support for marital surname change indirectly through higher gender-based system justification. In Study 2, the hypothesized full mediation was not observed. Consistent with our predictions, in all three studies, hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was found to be a direct positive predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We discuss the role of dominant ideologies surrounding marriage and inegalitarian naming conventions in different cultures as obstacles to women’s birth surname retention upon marriage.

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