The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes among Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Maroto ◽  
Bryan L Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Important Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Building Life Cycle

Abstract Previous research indicates that incarceration leads to declines in rates of homeownership and net worth, especially among baby boomers, but questions remain as to how other types of criminal justice system contact affect wealth outcomes during the transition to adulthood. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate how arrests, convictions, and incarceration influence net worth, financial assets, and debt among young adults. We find that most contact with the criminal justice system limited the ability of young adults to accumulate wealth between the ages of 25 and 30, an especially important time for building life-cycle wealth. Arrests were associated with asset and debt declines of 52–53 percent, and incarceration led to net worth and asset declines of 34 and 76 percent, respectively. These direct effects were also bolstered by the indirect effects of these variables through their relationship with marriage and earnings, especially in the case of incarceration. This study draws attention to how criminal justice system contact affects early adult wealth, thereby setting the stage to influence a host of life course dynamics for individuals and their families.

Adult Outcomes of Justice Involved Indigenous Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 215336872097344
Author(s):  
Kelley J. Sittner ◽  
Michelle L. Estes
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Post Secondary

Juvenile arrest serves as a critical turning point in the life-course that disrupts the successful transition to adulthood and carries numerous consequences including diminished socioeconomic status. Despite their disproportionately high rates of contact with the criminal justice system (CJS), Indigenous people’s experiences remain largely invisible in extant research. Further, colonization has left them in an extremely marginalized position in terms of social, economic, and political power, which is compounded by CJS involvement. In the current study, we apply propensity score matching to investigate whether being arrested in adolescence impacts early adult socioeconomic outcomes (i.e., education, employment, and income). Data come from the Healing Pathways project, a longitudinal, community-based participatory study of North American Indigenous young people that includes eight waves of data in adolescence and three waves in early adulthood. We find that being arrested at least once in adolescence is associated with higher rates of unemployment, not completing high school, and low income, and lower rates of full-time employment and post-secondary education in young adulthood (mean age = 26.2 years). Criminal justice system involvement widens existing socioeconomic disparities, and remedying these consequences requires changes in how CJS policies are enacted as well as larger structural changes to address significant inequities in income, education, and employment for Indigenous people.

Data Mining for Business Process Reengineering

2003 ◽  
pp. 146-158
Author(s):  
Ted E. Lee ◽  
Robert Otondo ◽  
Bonn-Oh Kim ◽  
Pattarawan Prasarnphanich ◽  
Ernest L. Nichols Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Mining Technology ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
To Come ◽  
Using Data

Transitioning from a mining to meaning perspective in organization data mining can be a crucial step in the successful application of data mining technologies. The purpose of this paper is to examine more fully the implications of that shift. The use of data mining technology was part of our cycle time study of the Poplar County Criminal Justice System (a fictitious name). In this paper we will report on the use of data mining in the Poplar County Criminal Justice System (PCCJS) study in an attempt to speed up their case handling processes. Marketing and finance researchers are more involved with “simple” (i.e., direct) relationships, whereas BPR researchers are more concerned with long chains of interacting processes. This difference appears in the tools these researchers use: marketing and finance researchers are more interested in set-theoretic problems, BPR researchers, in graph-theoretic problems. Yet data mining technologies incorporate graph-theoretic algorithms. Consequently, they should be able to support hypothesis generation in BPR activities. We were able to come up with relevant and meaningful hypotheses for BPR in the PCCJS system by using data mining technology, specifically sequential pattern analysis: “Which areas we should look into in order to speed up the case handling process?” This valuable outcome would have not been possible without data mining technology, considering the large volume of data on hand. It is hoped that this study will contribute to broadening the scope of applicability of data mining technology.

scholarly journals Criminal Justice Contacts and Psychophysiological Functioning in Early Adulthood: Health Inequality in the Carceral State

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-306
Author(s):  
Courtney E. Boen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Weighting Procedures ◽  
New Evidence

Despite increased attention to the links between the criminal justice system and health, how criminal justice contacts shape health and contribute to racial health disparities remains to be better understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 5,488) and several analytic techniques—including a quasi-treatment–control design, treatment-weighting procedures, and mediation analyses—this study examines how criminal justice contacts shape inflammatory and depressive risk and contribute to black–white health gaps. Findings revealed that incarceration is associated with increased C-reactive protein and depressive risk, particularly for individuals who experienced long durations of incarceration. Arrests are also associated with mental health, and mediation analyses showed that racial disparities in arrests and incarceration were drivers of black–white gaps in depressive symptoms. Together, this study provides new evidence of the role of the criminal justice system in shaping health and patterning black–white health gaps from adolescence through early adulthood.

The Paradox of Law Enforcement in Immigrant Communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 641 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Kirk ◽  
Andrew V. Papachristos ◽  
Jeffrey Fagan ◽  
Tom R. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

Frustrated by federal inaction on immigration reform, several U.S. states in recent years have proposed or enacted laws designed to stem the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States and to facilitate their removal. An underappreciated implication of these laws is the potential alienation of immigrant communities—even law-abiding, cooperative individuals—from the criminal justice system. The ability of the criminal justice system to detect and sanction criminal behavior is dependent upon the cooperation of the general public, including acts such as the reporting of crime and identifying suspects. Cooperation is enhanced when local residents believe that laws are enforced fairly. In contrast, research reveals that cynicism of the police and the legal system undermines individuals’ willingness to cooperate with the police and engage in the collective actions necessary to socially control crime. By implication, recent trends toward strict local enforcement of immigration laws may actually undercut public safety by creating a cynicism of the law in immigrant communities. Using data from a 2002 survey of New York City residents, this study explores the implications of perceived injustices perpetrated by the criminal justice system for resident willingness to cooperate with the police in immigrant communities.

Criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism: A national birth cohort study in New Zealand

Autism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136236132110655
Author(s):  
Nicholas Bowden ◽  
Barry Milne ◽  
Richard Audas ◽  
Betony Clasby ◽  
Joanne Dacombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Young People ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
System Data

While sensationalist headlines and highly publicised criminal cases have led many to believe there is a link between autism and criminal behaviour, extant literature presents an unresolved debate. We sought to address this issue by examining the prevalence of criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism, and by assessing whether offence types differ between these groups. This was a national birth cohort study using linked health and criminal justice system data. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to compare criminal justice system interactions between young adults with and without autism, controlling for important socio-demographic characteristics. Data were acquired for 1197 people with autism and 147,879 without autism. Young adults with autism had significantly lower rates of being proceeded against by police, charged in court, and convicted in court compared to those without autism. However, those charged with an offence were significantly more likely to be charged with serious and violent offences, offences against the person and against property. Our findings indicate that, although young people with autism were not over-represented in the criminal justice system, disparities in offence types and incarceration rates among those charged with an offence suggest the importance of identification and appropriate response to autism within the criminal justice system. Lay abstract Sensationalist headlines and highly publicised criminal cases lead many in the public to believe that people with autism are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour. However, recent studies present an unresolved debate, and indicate this may not necessarily be the case. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism, and determine whether offence types differ between these groups. We tracked a national birth cohort until their 25th birthday, detecting criminal justice system interactions from age 17 onwards. Linked health and criminal justice system data were used to identify those with autism and detect interactions with the criminal justice system. We found that young people with autism interacted with the criminal justice system at lower rates compared to those without autism. However, there were considerable differences in the types of offences these young people were charged with. For example, among those charged with an offence, people with autism were more likely to be charged with a serious offence, punishable by 2 or more years in prison. We conclude that although young people with autism are not over-represented in the criminal justice system, disparities in offence types and incarceration rates among those charged with an offence suggest the importance of identification and appropriate response to autism within the criminal justice system.

Economic Inequality: The Picture in Black and White

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Joe
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Service System ◽  
White Men ◽  
Minority Youth ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Black And White

This article hypothesizes that at least part of the reason minority youth are overrepresented in the criminal justice system is that they see few prospects for future economic success in comparison to Whites. Blacks are over three times as likely to be poor as Whites; their median income is only half that of Whites; their net worth (defined as total assets owned minus any liabilities) is only one-twelfth that of Whites; and Black men are twice as likely to be jobless as White men. Without radical changes in the use-service system, we should not be surprised if minority youths continue to remain outside the mainstream economy.

Growing Up under Surveillance

2018 ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Jan Haldipur
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Court System

This chapter explores the experiences of young adults who have been involved with the court system. These justice-involved young adults have often experienced some of the harshest treatment from police. Aggressive policing tactics not only introduce new faces to the criminal justice system, but, as this chapter illustrates, also keep those attempting to avoid reincarceration entangled in its web.

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