scholarly journals Exploring the role of fungal endophytes in the sudden death syndrome of the invasive shrub Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata in Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Morin ◽  
Andrew B. Bissett ◽  
Rieks D. van Klinken
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Invasive Shrub ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Bitou Bush

Pathogens that attack invasive plants can positively affect the integrity and functioning of ecosystems. Stem-tip dieback and extensive wilting followed by sudden death have been observed in Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (bitou bush), one of Australia’s worst invasive shrubs. Metabarcoding and culturing methods were used to investigate if fungi are implicated in this syndrome. Metabarcoding results revealed significantly different endophytic fungal communities within healthy and diseased bitou bush, and co-located native plants. There was no difference in fungal communities between soil sampled in the root zone of healthy and diseased bitou bush at the same site. Two Diaporthe sp. operational taxonomic units (OTUs), dominant at sites with extensive wilting, explained 30% of the similarity between diseased bitou bush across all sites. Two other OTUs, Austropleospora osteospermi and Coprinellus sp., explained 20 and 40% of the similarity between diseased plants, respectively, and were only dominant at sites with dead or stunted, partially defoliated but not wilted bitou bush. A Penicillium sp. OTU explained 90% of the similarity between healthy bitou bush. Various Diaporthe spp. dominated isolations from diseased bitou bush. Manipulative experiments confirmed Diaporthe spp. pathogenicity on bitou bush excised and in-situ stems. In another experiment, Diaporthe masirevicii infected flowers and from there colonized stems endophytically, but wilting and sudden death of bitou bush did not occur within the experimental timeframe. Our study provides circumstantial evidence that bitou bush sudden death syndrome is the result of a shift in the composition of its endophytic fungal community, from mutualist to pathogenic species.

scholarly journals Composition and Genetic Diversity of the Nicotiana tabacum Microbiome in Different Topographic Areas and Growth Periods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Yuan ◽  
Xinmin Liu ◽  
Yongmei Du ◽  
Guoming Shen ◽  
Zhongfeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Population ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Tobacco Growth

Fungal endophytes are the most ubiquitous plant symbionts on earth and are phylogenetically diverse. Studies on the fungal endophytes in tobacco have shown that they are widely distributed in the leaves, stems, and roots, and play important roles in the composition of the microbial ecosystem of tobacco. Herein, we analyzed and quantified the endophytic fungi of healthy tobacco leaves at the seedling (SS), resettling growth (RGS), fast-growing (FGS), and maturing (MS) stages at three altitudes [600 (L), 1000 (M), and 1300 m (H)]. We sequenced the ITS region of fungal samples to delimit operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and phylogenetically characterize the communities. The result showed the number of clustering OTUs at SS, RGS, FGS and MS were greater than 170, 245, 140, and 164, respectively. At the phylum level, species in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota had absolute predominance, representing 97.8% and 2.0 % of the total number of species. We also found the number of unique fungi at the RGS and FGS stages were higher than those in the other two stages. Additionally, OTU richness was determined by calculating the Observed Species, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, ACE, Goods coverage and PD_whole_tree indices based on the total number of species. Our results showed RGS samples had the highest diversity indices. Furthermore, we found that the diversity of fungal communities tended to decrease with increasing tobacco growth altitude. The results from this study indicated that the tobacco harbors an abundant and diverse endophytic fungal population, which provides new opportunities for exploration their potential utilization.

scholarly journals Composition and Genetic Diversity of the Nicotiana tabacum Microbiome in Different Topographic Areas and Growth Periods

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Long Yuan ◽  
Min Cao ◽  
Xin-Min Liu ◽  
Yong-Mei Du ◽  
Guo-Ming Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Two Stages

Fungal endophytes are the most ubiquitous plant symbionts on earth and are phylogenetically diverse. Studies on the fungal endophytes in tobacco have shown that they are widely distributed in the leaves, stems, and roots, and play important roles in the composition of the microbial ecosystem of tobacco. Herein, we analyzed and quantified the endophytic fungi of healthy tobacco leaves at the seedling stage (SS), resettling growth stage (RGS), fast-growing stage (FGS), and maturing stage (MS) at three altitudes (600, 1000, and 1300 m). We sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal samples to delimit operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and phylogenetically characterize the communities. The results showed that the numbers of clustering OTUs at SS, RGS, FGS, and MS were 516, 709, 469, and 428, respectively. At the phylum level, species in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota had absolute predominance, representing 97.8% and 2.0% of the total number of species, respectively. We also found the number of fungi at the RGS and FGS stages was higher than those at the other two stages. Additionally, OTU richness was determined by calculating the Observed Species, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE), Good’s coverage and phylogenetic distance (PD)_whole_tree indices based on the total number of species. Our results showed RGS samples had the highest diversity indices. Furthermore, we found that the diversity of fungal communities tended to decrease with increasing altitude. The results from this study indicated that tobacco harbors an abundant and diverse endophytic fungal community, which provides new opportunities for exploring their potential utilization.

scholarly journals Metabarcoding Analysis of Bacterial Communities Associated with Media Grow Bed Zones in an Aquaponic System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Kasozi ◽  
Horst Kaiser ◽  
Brendan Wilhelmi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
Total Community ◽  
Mineralized Zone

The development of environmentally sustainable plant and fish production in aquaponic systems requires a complete understanding of the systems’ biological components. In order to better understand the role of microorganisms in this association, we studied the bacterial communities in the dry, root, and mineralized zones of a flood-and-drain media bed aquaponic system. Bacterial communities were characterized using metabarcoding of the V3-V4 16S rRNA regions obtained from paired-end Illumina MiSeq reads. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes accounted for more than 90% of the total community in the dry zone and the effluent water. These phyla also accounted for more than 68% of the total community in the root and mineralized zones. The genera Massilia, Mucilaginibacter, Mizugakiibacter, and Rhodoluna were most dominant in the dry, root, and mineralized zones and in the effluent water, respectively. The number of shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for the three zones was 241, representing 7.15% of the total observed OTUs. The number of unique OTUs in samples from dry zone, root zone, mineralized zone, and effluent water was 485, 638, 445, and 383, respectively. The samples from the root zone harbored more diverse communities than either the dry or mineralized zones. This study is the first to report on the bacterial community within the zones of a flood-and-drain media bed. Thus, this information will potentially accelerate studies on other microbial communities involved in the bioconversion of nitrogen compounds and mineralization within these types of aquaponic systems.

scholarly journals Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Dromedary Camels and Small Ruminants in Mandera and Wajir Counties of Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Omani ◽  
G. C. Gitao ◽  
J. Gachohi ◽  
P. K. Gathumbi ◽  
B. A. Bwihangane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
General Weakness

A study was conducted to determine the presence of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camel population kept together with small ruminants in Isiolo, Mandera, Marsabit, and Wajir counties of Kenya. This was done in the wake of a disease with unknown etiology “Camel Sudden Death Syndrome” camels in the horn of Africa. Thirty-eight (38) samples, 12, 8, 15, and 3 samples, were collected from Mandera, Wajir, Isiolo, and Marsabit, respectively, from 25 camels, 7 goats, and 4 sheep. One camel in Mandera and one goat in Wajir were confirmed positive for PPR virus (PPRV) through reverse Polymerase Chain Reaction. The analysis of sequences revealed closest nucleotide identities of obtained sequences from both goat and camel to the lineage III of PPRV albeit with 60.29% of nucleotide identity. This study establishes that camels in the study area suffer with PPR manifest clinical signs that are mainly characterized by inappetence, loss of body condition, and general weakness terminally leading to diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and ocular nasal discharges preceding death. These clinical signs are similar to those observed in small ruminants with slight variations of manifestations such as keratoconjunctivitis as well as edema of the ventral surface of the abdomen. This shows that camels could be involved in the epidemiology of PPR in the region and that PPRV could be involved in the epidemics of Camel Sudden Death syndrome. There is therefore a need for resources to be dedicated in understanding the role camels play in the epidemiology of PPR and the role of the disease in Camels Sudden death syndrome.

scholarly journals Response of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome to Subsoil Tillage

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Vick ◽  
S. K. Chong ◽  
J. P. Bond ◽  
J. S. Russin
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Relationship

The soilborne pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean. Previous research indicated that soil compaction related directly to disease foliar symptoms. Therefore, we hypothesized that decreasing soil compaction would increase soil porosity and provide a more aerated root zone that would hinder root infection by the fungus and decrease SDS foliar symptom severity. Two experimental areas (110 by 120 m) were established to evaluate the relationship between soil variables and SDS. Across the experimental area, strips (9.14 m wide) were subsoiled perpendicular to soybean rows to a depth of 40 to 45 cm, which alternated with strips that were not tilled. In both 1999 and 2000, subsoiling dramatically reduced foliar symptoms of SDS. Compared with no-till plots, subsoiled plots had lower soil bulk density, greater soil porosity, and less soil moisture. In areas where SDS occurs and soil compaction exists, the use of subsoiling can be used to reduce severity of foliar symptoms of SDS.

THE ROLE OF ANTIBODY TO COW'S MILK PROTEINS IN THE SUDDEN DEATH SYNDROME

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-545
Author(s):  
Eli Gold ◽  
Lester Adelson
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Anaphylactic Reaction ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk Proteins

The titers of antibody to cow's milk proteins were measured in four groups of children: (a) infants dead of known causes, (b) infants who died from the sudden death syndrome, (c) well babies fed cow's milk formulas exclusively, and (d) well babies fed both cow's and human's milk. No significant differences in mean antibody titer to cow's milk existed between the well, bottle-fed, and the sudden death groups. Sera with hemagglutinating antibody to cow's milk proteins induced a positive PCA reaction, indicating that the measured antibody was probably of the 7S type and capable of provoking the anaphylactic reaction in humans. No evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that hypersensitivity to milk was causally related to the sudden death syndrome.

The role of chitosan in protection of soybean from sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1353-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjaphorn Prapagdee ◽  
Kanignun Kotchadat ◽  
Acharaporn Kumsopa ◽  
Niphon Visarathanonth
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome

STUDIES OF THE SUDDEN DEATH SYNDROME IN KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON; I. THE ROLE OF VIRUSES

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-575
Author(s):  
C. GEORGE RAY ◽  
J. BRUCE BECKWITH ◽  
NANCY M. HEBESTREIT ◽  
ABRAHAM B. BERGHAM
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
King County

scholarly journals Subsoil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in arable soil differ from those in topsoil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moisés A. Sosa-Hernández ◽  
Julien Roy ◽  
Stefan Hempel ◽  
Timo Kautz ◽  
Ulrich Köpke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are recognized as important drivers of plant health and productivity in agriculture but very often existing knowledge is limited to the topsoil. With growing interest in the role of subsoil in sustainable agriculture, we used high-throughput Illumina sequencing on a set of samples encompassing drilosphere, rhizosphere and bulk soil, in both top- and subsoil. Our results show subsoil AMF communities harbor unique Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and that both soil depths differ in community structure both at the OTU and family level. Our results emphasize the distinctness of subsoil AMF communities and the potential role of subsoil as a biodiversity reservoir.

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