Buckeye rot of tomato in India: Present status, challenges, and future research perspectives

Tomato in India is commonly exposed to various diseases of fungal, bacterial, and viral origin, resulting in substantial yield losses (≥50%). Buckeye rot (caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) is among the major constraints in the successful cultivation of tomato crops in various parts of the world including the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh state, India. The fruit rot becomes more devastating under high humidity and wet soils. Symptoms generally appear on green fruit as alternate dark and light brown concentric rings. The genome size of P. nicotianae var. parasitica is 82 Mb with >23,000 predicted genes. High humidity (> 60%) and optimal temperatures (20-25 ºC), along with rainfall (≥ 10 mm), help to disperse the pathogen as the inoculum reaches the fruit through splashing rains. Sporangia germinate indirectly by producing zoospores at 20-25o C, or directly via germ tubes at >25ºC. In the absence of suitable resistant varieties, no single management practice is sufficient to keep the disease below the economic threshold level; therefore, integration of cultural and chemical methods is preferable. This paper aims to focus on the etiology, and management challenges of buckeye rot. We recommend innovative disease management strategies like identification and deployment of resistant cultivars as well as spraying of synthetic chemical fungicides, biocontrol agents, and use of abiotic chemicals that induce resistance, for developing sustainable crop production practices.

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Microplastics pollution studies in India: a recent review of sources, abundances and research perspectives

10.21203/rs.3.rs-535083/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karthikeyan Perumal ◽

Subagunasekar Muthuramalingam

Keyword(s):

River Sediments ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Future Research ◽

Aquatic Environments ◽

Plastic Pollution ◽

New Methods ◽

Research Perspectives ◽

Knowing That ◽

Persistent Pollutants ◽

Management Policies

Abstract Purpose: Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous, persistent pollutants that are reported in abundance in all environments and biota. This review highlights the identification, distribution and concentration of microplastics in all aquatic environments and biota in the India region which is one of the least studied with only forty-four papers published on microplastics during 2013-2020 in the web of science. Results: The present review focuses on the concentration of microplastics in different aquatic environments such as 3096 items/kg in marine sediments, 106 items/kg in biota, 59 items/L in seawater, 175 items/kg in sea salt, 33.9 items/L in lake water, 336 items/kg in lake sediments, 288 pieces/m3 in river water, and 328 items/kg in river sediments. Conclusion: Consequently, we studied the distribution and occurrence of pollution from MPs in coastal and freshwater environments such as rivers, lakes and biota. Therefore, we propose extending studies in all the above areas of microplastics knowing that there are many unique aquatic habitats and species that are yet unexplored. For future research, we suggest new methods for sampling MPs in all marine ecosystems and biota. Assessing research in each of these ways will allow suggesting a microplastic threshold level and devising control initiatives to minimize plastic consumption and its eventual hazard to the aquatic ecosystem. Moreover enforcing strict laws, enhancing legal initiatives, well-planned comprehensive waste management policies and spontaneous public engagement are essential to create awareness of marine plastic pollution and reduce the adverse effects of land-based plastics.

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DAMAGING NATURE OF FALL ARMYWORM AND ITS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MAIZE: A REVIEW

Tropical Agrobiodiversity ◽

10.26480/trab.02.2020.82.85 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 82-85

Author(s):

Shirisa Acharya ◽

Subham Kaphle ◽

Jaya Upadhayay ◽

Abina Pokhrel ◽

Sabina Paudel

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Management Practice ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Fall Armyworm ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Agricultural Crop ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Ecologically Sustainable

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous pest which is arising as one of the major threats to agricultural crop production. It has around 80 host species that cause severe damage to cereals and vegetable crops. This pest was first discovered in Africa (2016) and first collected and reported in Nepal at Nawalparasi district on 9th may 2019. The larvae of FAW are found on young leaves, leaf whorls, tassels or cobs according to their growth stages. First instar larvae scrape leaves and shows pin-hole symptoms and window-pane feeding symptoms whereas in the later vegetative stages, damage results in skeletonised leaves and heavily windowed whorls. If climatic condition for pest establishment is suitable this pest could cause approximately 100% crop loss in maize if not managed in time. Regular scouting, push and pull method, black light traps, commonly available botanicals like neem locally available materials like ash and some recommended insecticides with recommended dose can be used for the control of fall armyworm. There is an urgent need for developing ecologically sustainable, economically profitable, and socially acceptable integrated pest management strategies to mitigate the impacts of the fall armyworm and not just rely on single management practice.

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Meloidogyne enterolobii, a threat to crop production with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa: an extensive, critical and updated review

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-bja10076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-39

Author(s):

Raymond Lesley Collett ◽

Mariette Marais ◽

Mieke Daneel ◽

Milad Rashidifard ◽

Hendrika Fourie

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Future Research ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽

Nematode Parasitism ◽

Sub Saharan

Summary Crop damage inflicted by Meloidogyne enterolobii justifies an updated literature review focusing on recent discoveries about its identification, biology and management. Since its description in 1983, M. enterolobii has become a pest of great concern, particularly due to its virulence, which renders controlling this nematode pest a challenge. The global distribution of M. enteroblii is summarised, with emphasis placed on limited research done for the species in sub-Saharan Africa where food production and security is threatened by root-knot nematode parasitism. Novel advances in methods used to detect M. enterolobii are touched upon, especially the improvement in advanced molecular techniques that complements shortcomings in morphology and morphometic approaches. Despite these exciting developments, the employment of effective management strategies to combat the species remains problematic. Future research on various aspects of M. enterolobii is crucial, with focus to be placed on the use of available resources to contain damage caused by this species.

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Review of Soil Salinity and Sodicity Challenges to Crop Production in the Lowland Irrigated Areas of Ethiopia and Its Management Strategies

Land ◽

10.3390/land10121377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1377

Author(s):

Ashenafi Worku Daba ◽

Asad Sarwar Qureshi

Keyword(s):

Soil Salinity ◽

Crop Production ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Attention ◽

Farming Communities ◽

Salt Affected Soils ◽

Management Approaches

Ethiopia’s irrigated agriculture productivity has been threatened by severe salinity and sodicity problems which have resulted in significantly lower yields, food insecurity, and environmental degradation. The destructive effects of poor irrigation water management with the absence of drainage and anticipated future climate changes can accelerate the formation of salt-affected soil, potentially expanding the problem to currently unaffected regions. This paper synthesizes the available information on the causes, extent, and effects of salt-affected soils on soil and crop production and suggest chemical, biological, and physical reclamation and management approaches for tackling salinity and sodicity problems. The mitigation approaches (e.g., the addition of amendments, plantation of salt-tolerant crops, appropriate irrigation and drainage management, phytoremediation, and bioremediation) have successfully tackled soil salinity and sodicity problems in many parts of the world. These approaches have further improved the socioeconomic conditions of farming communities in salt-affected areas. The paper also discusses the effectiveness of these mitigation strategies under Ethiopian conditions. The policy interventions for reclamation of soil salinity and sodicity that indicates future research attention to restoring agricultural sustainability are also foci of this paper.

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Using Nutrient Uptake Patterns to Develop Efficient Nitrogen Management Strategies for Vegetables

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.9.4.601 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 601-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Charles A. Sanchez ◽

Thomas A. Doerge

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Crop Production ◽

Management Practice ◽

Management Strategies ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Nitrogen Management ◽

N Losses ◽

Uptake Studies ◽

N Management ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizers

Nitrogen (N) in a soil that is not immediately taken up by a crop is subject to leaching, denitrification and other mechanisms of loss. Nitrogen uptake studies identify the total amount of N accumulated by the crop and the period of peak demand. This information can be used to devise management strategies aimed at supplying N preceding anticipated uptake. Split sidedress application, fertigation, and use of controlled release fertilizers (CRN) are all viable options for N management, depending on the crop production scenario and available infrastructure. Soil and plant tissue testing can be useful feedback tools for adjusting N applications for soil contributions of N and unexpected N losses. Efficient irrigation is of paramount importance in achieving efficient N fertilization regardless of management practice.

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Nonconventional Weed Management Strategies for Modern Agriculture

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00064.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 723-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Ali A. Bajwa ◽

Gulshan Mahajan ◽

Bhagirath S. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Crop Production ◽

Control Measure ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Future Research ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Modern Agriculture ◽

Control Options

Weeds are a significant problem in crop production and their management in modern agriculture is crucial to avoid yield losses and ensure food security. Intensive agricultural practices, changing climate, and natural disasters affect weed dynamics and that requires a change in weed management protocols. The existing manual control options are no longer viable because of labor shortages; chemical control options are limited by ecodegradation, health hazards, and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. We are therefore reviewing some potential nonconventional weed management strategies for modern agriculture that are viable, feasible, and efficient. Improvement in tillage regimes has long been identified as an impressive weed-control measure. Harvest weed seed control and seed predation have been shown as potential tools for reducing weed emergence and seed bank reserves. Development in the field of allelopathy for weed management has led to new techniques for weed control. The remarkable role of biotechnological advancements in developing herbicide-resistant crops, bioherbicides, and harnessing the allelopathic potential of crops is also worth mentioning in a modern weed management program. Thermal weed management has also been observed as a useful technique, especially under conservation agriculture systems. Last, precision weed management has been elaborated with sufficient details. The role of remote sensing, modeling, and robotics as an integral part of precision weed management has been highlighted in a realistic manner. All these strategies are viable for today's agriculture; however, site-specific selection and the use of right combinations will be the key to success. No single strategy is perfect, and therefore an integrated approach may provide better results. Future research is needed to explore the potential of these strategies and to optimize them on technological and cultural bases. The adoption of such methods may improve the efficiency of cropping systems under sustainable and conservation practices.

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Bio-Based Value Chains Potential in the Management of Cacao Pod Waste in Colombia, a Case Study

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040693 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 693

Author(s):

Diana C. Meza-Sepúlveda ◽

Ana M. Castro ◽

Annie Zamora ◽

Jorge W. Arboleda ◽

Adriana M. Gallego ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Research Direction ◽

Added Value ◽

Value Chains ◽

Future Research ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Biomass Resources

Agriculture generates 11.4 billion tons of biomass worldwide, including residues from crop production and industrial processing. Improper disposal of agricultural residues results in environmental pollution and the waste of valuable biomass resources. Management of agricultural waste is particularly suboptimal in developing countries where low added-value traditional practices to manage the residues are commonplace. A bioeconomy approach to better manage agricultural waste is to use renewable biological resources from land and sea to produce new materials and energy, allowing the development of bio-based value chains (BBVC). This study explored the potential of BBVC in the management of cacao pod husk (CPH), the primary residual biomass generated from the production of cacao in Colombia. Thus, a literature review on cacao pod husk (CPH) management strategies and a survey for farmers from Caldas State in Colombia between August and November of 2020 were performed to identify the potentials and limitations of BBVC in the management of CPH. Assessment of CPH management strategies suggested variable uses for CPH categorized in energy, food, and miscellaneous. Analysis of surveys indicated farmers are keen to implement strategies to better manage their agricultural waste, but that information is not available to them. Finally, an approach to develop a BBVC from cacao was proposed, which we plan to implement as a future research direction. We expect to impact the economic growth positively in the region with bio-based products in the market.

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Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood ◽

10.1044/hhdc25.1.15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryan W. McCreery ◽

Elizabeth A. Walker ◽

Meredith Spratford

Keyword(s):

Hard Of Hearing ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Case Examples ◽

Hearing Aid Use ◽

Wide Range ◽

In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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Supplier Development at LG Electronics

The Oxford Handbook of Supply Chain Management ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190066727.013.31 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hyojin Kim ◽

Daesik Hur ◽

Tobias Schoenherr

Keyword(s):

Management Practice ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

Supply Management ◽

Future Research ◽

Supplier Development ◽

Environmentally Conscious ◽

Competitive Capabilities ◽

The Stability ◽

Buyer Firm

Supplier development has been a critical supply management practice since the 1990s. In many instances, it has even become imperative for buyer firms to support and prepare their supply bases for uncertain economic and market environments, socially and environmentally conscious customers, advances in digital technologies, and increasing competition. Yet, research that approaches supplier development with the objective to advance all these dimensions in an integrated fashion is scarce. This study fills this void by exploring how a buyer firm may address these emerging challenges in its supply base. Specifically, an in-depth case study of LG Electronics explores how the firm designs and operates multidimensional supplier development activities to foster the stability and sustainability of its supply base while enhancing its core suppliers’ competitive capabilities. This chapter illustrates how supplier development can be taken to the next level, presents implications for managerial practice, and outlines promising future research avenues.

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