A Laminarin-Based Formulation Protects Wheat Against Zymoseptoria tritici Via Direct Antifungal Activity and Elicitation of Host Defense-Related Genes

Plant Disease ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon C. de Borba ◽  
Aline Cristina Velho ◽  
Mateus B. de Freitas ◽  
Maxime Holvoet ◽  
Alessandra Maia-Grondard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Related Proteins

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the laminarin-based formulation Vacciplant® to protect and induce resistance in wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, a major pathogen on this crop. Under greenhouse conditions, a single foliar spraying of the product two days before inoculation with Z. tritici reduced disease severity and pycnidium density by 42% and 45%, respectively. Vacciplant® exhibited a direct antifungal activity on Z. tritici conidial germination both in vitro and in planta. Moreover, it reduced in planta substomatal colonization as well as pycnidium formation on treated leaves. Molecular investigations revealed that Vacciplant® elicits but did not prime the expression of several wheat genes related to defense pathways, including phenylpropanoids (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase), octadecanoids (lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase), and pathogenesis‐related proteins (β‐1,3‐endoglucanase and chitinase). By contrast, it did not modulate the expression of oxalate oxidase gene involved in the reactive oxygen species metabolism. UHPLC-MS analysis indicated limited changes in leaf metabolome after product application in both non-inoculated and inoculated conditions, suggesting a low metabolic cost associated with induction of plant resistance. This study provides evidence that the laminarin-based formulation confers protection to wheat against Z. tritici through direct antifungal activity and elicitation of plant defense-associated genes.

scholarly journals The Algal Polysaccharide Ulvan Induces Resistance in Wheat Against Zymoseptoria tritici Without Major Alteration of Leaf Metabolome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon C. de Borba ◽  
Aline C. Velho ◽  
Alessandra Maia-Grondard ◽  
Raymonde Baltenweck ◽  
Maryline Magnin-Robert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Octadecanoid Pathway

This study aimed to examine the ability of ulvan, a water-soluble polysaccharide from the green seaweed Ulva fasciata, to provide protection and induce resistance in wheat against the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis indicated that ulvan is mainly composed of unsaturated monosaccharides (rhamnose, rhamnose-3-sulfate, and xylose) and numerous uronic acid residues. In the greenhouse, foliar application of ulvan at 10 mg.ml–1 2 days before fungal inoculation reduced disease severity and pycnidium density by 45 and 50%, respectively. Ulvan did not exhibit any direct antifungal activity toward Z. tritici, neither in vitro nor in planta. However, ulvan treatment significantly reduced substomatal colonization and pycnidium formation within the mesophyll of treated leaves. Molecular assays revealed that ulvan spraying elicits, but does not prime, the expression of genes involved in several wheat defense pathways, including pathogenesis-related proteins (β-1,3-endoglucanase and chitinase), reactive oxygen species metabolism (oxalate oxidase), and the octadecanoid pathway (lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase), while no upregulation was recorded for gene markers of the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase). Interestingly, the quantification of 83 metabolites from major chemical families using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) in both non-infectious and infectious conditions showed no substantial changes in wheat metabolome upon ulvan treatment, suggesting a low metabolic cost associated with ulvan-induced resistance. Our findings provide evidence that ulvan confers protection and triggers defense mechanisms in wheat against Z. tritici without major modification of the plant physiology.

scholarly journals A Microbial Fermentation Mixture Reduces Fusarium Head Blight and Promotes Grain Weight but does not impact Septoria tritici blotch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Twamley ◽  
Mark Gaffney ◽  
Angela Feechan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFusarium graminearum and Zymoseptoria tritici cause economically important diseases of wheat. F. graminearum is one of the primary causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Z. tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB). Alternative control methods are required in the face of fungicide resistance and EU legislation which seek to cut pesticide use by 2030. Both fungal pathogens have been described as either hemibiotrophs or necrotrophs. A microbial fermentation-based product (MFP) was previously demonstrated to control the biotrophic pathogen powdery mildew, on wheat. Here we investigated if MFP would be effective against the non-biotrophic fungal pathogens of wheat, F. graminearum and Z. tritici. We assessed the impact of MFP on fungal growth, disease control and also evaluated the individual constituent parts of MFP. Antifungal activity towards both pathogens was found in vitro but MFP only significantly decreased disease symptoms of FHB in planta. In addition, MFP was found to improve the grain number and weight, of uninfected and F. graminearum infected wheat heads.

scholarly journals Ciclopirox and Efinaconazole Transungual Permeation, Antifungal Activity, and Proficiency To Induce Resistance in Trichophyton rubrum

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Monti ◽  
Diletta Mazzantini ◽  
Silvia Tampucci ◽  
Alessandra Vecchione ◽  
Francesco Celandroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Nail Plate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nail Bed ◽  
Antimycotic Activity ◽  
Frequent Relapses ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Onychomycosis is a nail fungal infection, mostly caused by dermatophytes. The treatment efficacy is impaired by difficulties of reaching effective drug levels at the site of infection; frequent relapses occur after cessation of antifungal therapy. The aim of the study was to compare two commercial products containing ciclopirox or efinaconazole for antimycotic activity and antifungal drug resistance. A study of permeation and penetration through bovine hoof membranes, as a nail model, was performed to evaluate the antimycotic activity of permeates against clinical isolates of selected fungi, and the frequency of spontaneous in vitro Trichophyton rubrum-resistant strains was assessed by broth microdilution assays. The results suggest that ciclopirox creates a depot in the nail, leading to a gradual release of the drug over time with action on both the nail plate and bed. Conversely, efinaconazole, mildly interacting with nail keratin, mainly exerts its antifungal activity in the nail bed. However, in the case of T. rubrum, the antifungal activities of the drugs in the nail plate seem comparable. Finally, efinaconazole showed a potential for induction of resistance in T. rubrum, which may limit its efficacy over time. Ciclopirox did not show any potential to induce resistance in T. rubrum and appears endowed with a more complete activity than efinaconazole in the management of onychomycosis as the nail keratin is a substrate for the growth of fungal cells, and the availability of drug in large concentration just in the nail bed may not be sufficient to guarantee the complete eradication of pathogens.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Silver Ions and Nanoparticles on Phytopathogenic Fungi

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 1037-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Ki Jo ◽  
Byung H. Kim ◽  
Geunhwa Jung
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
In Planta

Silver in ionic or nanoparticle forms has a high antimicrobial activity and is therefore widely used for various sterilization purposes including materials of medical devices and water sanitization. There have been relatively few studies on the applicability of silver to control plant diseases. Various forms of silver ions and nanoparticles were tested in the current study to examine the antifungal activity on two plant-pathogenic fungi, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Magnaporthe grisea. In vitro petri dish assays indicated that silver ions and nanoparticles had a significant effect on the colony formation of these two pathogens. Effective concentrations of the silver compounds inhibiting colony formation by 50% (EC50) were higher for B. sorokiniana than for M. grisea. The inhibitory effect on colony formation significantly diminished after silver cations were neutralized with chloride ions. Growth chamber inoculation assays further confirmed that both ionic and nanoparticle silver significantly reduced these two fungal diseases on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Particularly, silver ions and nanoparticles effectively reduced disease severity with an application at 3 h before spore inoculation, but their efficacy significantly diminished when applied at 24 h after inoculation. The in vitro and in planta evaluations of silver indicated that both silver ions and nanoparticles influence colony formation of spores and disease progress of plant-pathogenic fungi. In planta efficacy of silver ions and nanoparticles is much greater with preventative application, which may promote the direct contact of silver with spores and germ tubes, and inhibit their viability.

scholarly journals Analysis of small RNA silencing in Zymoseptoria tritici – wheat interactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme J. Kettles ◽  
Bernhard J. Hofinger ◽  
Pingsha Hu ◽  
Carlos Bayon ◽  
Jason J. Rudd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Fungal Genes

AbstractCross-kingdom small RNA (sRNA) silencing has recently emerged as a mechanism facilitating fungal colonization and disease development. Here we characterized RNAi pathways in Zymoseptoria tritici, a major fungal pathogen of wheat, and assessed their contribution to pathogenesis. Computational analysis of fungal sRNA and host mRNA sequencing datasets was used to define the global sRNA populations in Z. tritici and predict their mRNA targets in wheat. 389 in planta-induced sRNA loci were identified. sRNAs generated from some of these loci were predicted to target wheat mRNAs including those potentially involved in pathogen defense. However, molecular approaches failed to validate targeting of selected wheat mRNAs by fungal sRNAs. Mutant strains of Z. tritici carrying deletions of genes encoding key components of RNAi such as Dicer-like (DCL) and Argounate (AGO) proteins were generated, and virulence bioassays suggested that these are dispensable for full infection of wheat. Nonetheless, our results did suggest the existence of non-canonical DCL-independent pathway(s) for sRNA biogenesis in Z. tritici. dsRNA targeting essential fungal genes applied in vitro or generated from an RNA virus vector in planta in a procedure known as HIGS (Host-Induced Gene Silencing) was ineffective in preventing Z. tritici growth or disease. We also demonstrated that Z. tritici is incapable of dsRNA uptake. Collectively, our data suggest that RNAi approaches for gene function analyses in this fungal species and potentially also as a control measure may not be as effective as has been demonstrated for some other plant pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals The lipoxygenase pathway in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana): detection of the ketol route

2000 ◽  
Vol 352 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. GRECHKIN ◽  
Lucia S. MUKHTAROVA ◽  
Mats HAMBERG
Keyword(s):  
Octadecadienoic Acid ◽  
Optical Purity ◽  
Cyclase Activity ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
Allene Oxide Synthase ◽  
Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The in vitro metabolism of [1-14C]linoleate, [1-14C]linolenate and their 9(S)-hydroperoxides was studied in cell-free preparations from tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) bulbs, leaves and flowers. Linoleate and its 9-hydroperoxide were converted by bulb and leaf preparations into three ketols: (12Z)-9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12-octadecadienoic acid (α-ketol), (11E)-10-oxo-13-hydroxy-11-octadecadienoic acid (γ-ketol) and a novel compound, (12Z)-10-oxo-11-hydroxy-12-octadecadienoic acid (10,11-ketol), in the approximate molar proportions of 10:3:1. The corresponding 15,16-dehydro α- and γ-ketols were the main metabolites of [1-14C]linolenate and its 9-hydroperoxide. Thus bulbs and leaves possessed 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase activities. Incubations with flower preparations gave α-ketol hydro(pero)xides as predominant metabolites. Bulb and leaf preparations possessed a novel enzyme activity, γ-ketol reductase, which reduces γ-ketol to 10-oxo-13-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (dihydro-γ-ketol) in the presence of NADH. Exogenous linolenate 13(S)-hydroperoxide was converted mostly into chiral (9S,13S)-12-oxo-10-phytodienoate (99.5% optical purity) by bulb preparations, while [1-14C]linolenate was a precursor for ketols only. Thus tulip bulbs possess abundant allene oxide cyclase activity, the substrate for which is linolenate 13(S)-hydroperoxide, even though 13(S)-lipoxygenase products were not detectable in the bulbs. The majority of the cyclase activity was found in the microsomes (105g pellet). Cyclase activity was not found in the other tissues examined, but only in the bulbs. The ketol route of the lipoxygenase pathway, mediated by 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase activities, has not been detected previously in the vegetative organs of any plant species.

scholarly journals Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishni Fernando ◽  
Priyanka Reddy ◽  
Inoka K. Hettiarachchige ◽  
German C. Spangenberg ◽  
Simone J. Rochfort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
The Novel ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Invertebrate Pests

Asexual Epichloë spp. fungal endophytes have been extensively studied for their functional secondary metabolite production. Historically, research mostly focused on understanding toxicity of endophyte-derived compounds on grazing livestock. However, endophyte-derived compounds also provide protection against invertebrate pests, disease, and other environmental stresses, which is important for ensuring yield and persistence of pastures. A preliminary screen of 30 strains using an in vitro dual culture bioassay identified 18 endophyte strains with antifungal activity. The novel strains NEA12, NEA21, and NEA23 were selected for further investigation as they are also known to produce alkaloids associated with protection against insect pests. Antifungal activity of selected endophyte strains was confirmed against three grass pathogens, Ceratobasidium sp., Dreschlera sp., and Fusarium sp., using independent isolates in an in vitro bioassay. NEA21 and NEA23 showed potent activity against Ceratobasidium sp. and NEA12 showed moderate inhibition against all three pathogens. Crude extracts from liquid cultures of NEA12 and NEA23 also inhibited growth of the phytopathogens Ceratobasidium sp. and Fusarium sp. and provided evidence that the compounds of interest are stable, constitutively expressed, and secreted. Comparative analysis of the in vitro and in planta metabolome of NEA12 and NEA23 using LCMS profile data revealed individual metabolites unique to each strain that are present in vitro and in planta. These compounds are the best candidates for the differential bioactivity observed for each strain. Novel endophyte strains show promise for endophyte-mediated control of phytopathogens impacting Lolium spp. pasture production and animal welfare.

scholarly journals Fungal Endophytes Control Fusarium graminearum and Reduce Trichothecenes and Zearalenone in Maize

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed F. Abdallah ◽  
Marthe De Boevre ◽  
Sofie Landschoot ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
Geert Haesaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Detoxification Mechanisms ◽  
Comparative Trials

Fusarium graminearum can cause Giberella Ear Rot (GER) and seedling blight in maize, resulting in major yield losses. Besides GER, the infected grains are consequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins of F. graminearum. Zearalenone and trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol and its acetylated forms, are among the major mycotoxins associated with F. graminearum infection in maize. In the current work, we explored the effect of the endophytic fungal genera of Epicoccum and Sordaria, to control F. graminearum infection in comparative trials with Piriformospora spp., an elusive endophytic genus. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of these endophytes on zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol levels using in vitro and in planta assays. As plants are endowed with several detoxification mechanisms comprising e.g., glucosylation of trichothecenes, the effect of the isolated fungal endophytes on the deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside level was also assessed. In general, results showed a considerable variability in the antifungal activity, both among species and among isolates within one species. Additionally, the effect on mycotoxin levels was variable, and not necessarily related to the antifungal activity except for zearalenone levels which were consistently reduced by the endophytes. These results highlight the great potential of certain endophytic fungal strains as new biocontrol agents in agricultural science.

Lipoxygenase pathway in tulip: biosynthesis of ketols

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Grechkin ◽  
L. S. Mukhtarova ◽  
M. Hamberg
Keyword(s):  
Octadecadienoic Acid ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Allene Oxide Synthase ◽  
Allene Oxide Cyclase ◽  
Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The metabolism in vitro of [1-14C]linoleate, [1-14C]linolenate and their 9(S)-hydroperoxides in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) was found to be under the control of 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase, and directed towards α-ketol, γ-ketol and the novel compound (12Z)-10-oxo-11-hydroxy- 12-octadecadienoic acid (10,11-ketol). Potent activity of allene oxide cyclase (in bulbs) and a new enzyme, γ-ketol reductase (in bulbs and leaves), was detected. Metabolism in flowers is directed predominantly towards α-ketol hydroperoxide.

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