Animal Models: A Non-human Primate and Rodent Animal Model Research Platform, Natural History, and Biomarkers to Predict Clinical Outcome

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-281
Author(s):  
Thomas J. MacVittie ◽  
Ann M. Farese ◽  
Maureen A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Model Research ◽  
Research Platform ◽  
Rodent Animal Model ◽  
Human Primate

Difficulties with Animal Models: Chimpanzee Research

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-597
Author(s):  
Stephen Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Human Physiology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Interspecies Differences ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Model Condition

Animal models are generally used to elucidate human physiology or pathology. However, attempts to extrapolate animal model findings to humans are undermined by differences in the aetiology and natural history between any animal model condition and the analogous human condition, and by unavoidable interspecies differences in anatomy and physiology. Even when working with species “closely related” to humans, such as chimpanzees, the animal model paradigm is fundamentally unsound. Unfortunately, few animal researchers seriously question the utility of animal models, and consequently they rarely consider other, perhaps more efficient and more reliable, means of conducting biomedical research.

Inflammational Animal Models for Schizophrenia

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Immunological System

Abstract. Inflammational-immunological processes within the pathophysiology of schizophrenia seem to play an important role. Early signals of neurobiological changes in the embryonal phase of brain in later patients with schizophrenia might lead to activation of the immunological system, for example, of cytokines and microglial cells. Microglia then induces – via the neurotoxic activities of these cells as an overreaction – a rarification of synaptic connections in frontal and temporal brain regions, that is, reduction of the neuropil. Promising inflammational animal models for schizophrenia with high validity can be used today to mimic behavioral as well as neurobiological findings in patients, for example, the well-known neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. Also the microglial activation can be modeled well within one of this models, that is, the inflammational PolyI:C animal model of schizophrenia, showing a time peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. The exact mechanism, by which activated microglia cells then triggers further neurodegeneration, must now be investigated in broader detail. Thus, these animal models can be used to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia better especially concerning the interaction of immune activation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This could also lead to the development of anti-inflammational treatment options and of preventive interventions.

scholarly journals Preclinical Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Detection and Characterization of Osteomyelitis: Experiences from a Porcine Model

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4221
Author(s):  
Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup ◽  
Svend Borup Jensen ◽  
Ole Lerberg Nielsen ◽  
Lars Jødal ◽  
Pia Afzelius
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Radioactive Tracers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

The development of new and better radioactive tracers capable of detecting and characterizing osteomyelitis is an ongoing process, mainly because available tracers lack selectivity towards osteomyelitis. An integrated part of developing new tracers is the performance of in vivo tests using appropriate animal models. The available animal models for osteomyelitis are also far from ideal. Therefore, developing improved animal osteomyelitis models is as important as developing new radioactive tracers. We recently published a review on radioactive tracers. In this review, we only present and discuss osteomyelitis models. Three ethical aspects (3R) are essential when exposing experimental animals to infections. Thus, we should perform experiments in vitro rather than in vivo (Replacement), use as few animals as possible (Reduction), and impose as little pain on the animal as possible (Refinement). The gain for humans should by far exceed the disadvantages for the individual experimental animal. To this end, the translational value of animal experiments is crucial. We therefore need a robust and well-characterized animal model to evaluate new osteomyelitis tracers to be sure that unpredicted variation in the animal model does not lead to a misinterpretation of the tracer behavior. In this review, we focus on how the development of radioactive tracers relies heavily on the selection of a reliable animal model, and we base the discussions on our own experience with a porcine model.

Recent advances in animal model experimentation in autism research

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mousumi Tania ◽  
Md. Asaduzzaman Khan ◽  
Kun Xia
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Animal Model Study

ObjectiveAutism, a lifelong neuro-developmental disorder is a uniquely human condition. Animal models are not the perfect tools for the full understanding of human development and behavior, but they can be an important place to start. This review focused on the recent updates of animal model research in autism.MethodsWe have reviewed the publications over the last three decades, which are related to animal model study in autism.ResultsAnimal models are important because they allow researchers to study the underlying neurobiology in a way that is not possible in humans. Improving the availability of better animal models will help the field to increase the development of medicines that can relieve disabling symptoms. Results from the therapeutic approaches are encouraging remarkably, since some behavioral alterations could be reversed even when treatment was performed on adult mice. Finding an animal model system with similar behavioral tendencies as humans is thus vital for understanding the brain mechanisms, supporting social motivation and attention, and the manner in which these mechanisms break down in autism. The ongoing studies should therefore increase the understanding of the biological alterations associated with autism as well as the development of knowledge-based treatments therapy for those struggling with autism.ConclusionIn this review, we have presented recent advances in research based on animal models of autism, raising hope for understanding the disease biology for potential therapeutic intervention to improve the quality of life of autism individuals.

scholarly journals Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Thi-Quyen Nguyen ◽  
Rare Rollon ◽  
Young-Ki Choi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Viral Pathogenesis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics

Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model—including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates—for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.

Animal Experiments and their Alternatives in Psychiatry

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Anthony Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Influential Paper ◽  
Adequate Data ◽  
Human Primate

During the last twenty years, the most enthusiastic advocates of the use of animal models in the study of human psychiatric dysfunction have been Harlow and Suomi. In an influential paper, Induced Depression in Monkeys (1974), they argued that more extensive use of non-human primates “would have great potential utility since many manipulations and measurements presently prohibited in human study by ethical and practical considerations could be readily performed on non-human primate subjects in well-controlled experimental environments.” Harlow & Suomi concluded this paper with the following statement: “The results obtained to date on induced depression in monkeys show that proper and profound depressions can be produced relatively easily by a variety of techniques. These induced depressions either bear a close resemblance to human depression or have such similarity as to suggest that closely correlated human and animal depressive patterns may be achieved with refined techniques. The results to date also provide adequate data for the conduct of meaningful researches on the effects of pharmacological agents which either enhance, inhibit or preclude the experimental production of depression. Further, the existence of firm and fast monkey depression syndromes offers vast opportunities for testing a wide range of therapeutic techniques, either behavioural or biochemical.”

Natural history and clinical outcome of junctional epidermolysis bullosa generalized intermediate due to a LAMA 3 mutation

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Reimer ◽  
A. Schwieger‐Briel ◽  
Y. He ◽  
J. Leppert ◽  
F. Schauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Epidermolysis Bullosa ◽  
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa

scholarly journals Animal Models in Pharmacology: A Brief History Awarding the Nobel Prizes for Physiology or Medicine

Pharmacology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Catarina V. Jota Baptista ◽  
Ana I. Faustino-Rocha ◽  
Paula A. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Scientific Area ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scientific Fields

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine (NPPM) has recognized the work of 222 scientists from different nationalities, from 1901 until 2020. From the total, 186 award researchers used animal models in their projects, and 21 were attributed to scientists and projects directly related to Pharmacology. In the most recent years, genetics is a dominant scientific area, while at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the studies were more related to anatomy, cytology, and physiology. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Mammalian models were used in 144 NPPM projects, being rodents the most used group of species. Moreover, 92 researchers included domestic species in their work. The criteria used to choose the species, the number of animals used and the experimental protocol is always debatable and dependent on the scientific area of the study; however, the 3R’s principle can be applied to most scientific fields. Independently of the species, the animal model can be classified in different types and criteria, depending on their ecology, genetics, and mode of action. <b><i>Key-Messages:</i></b> The use of animal models in NPPM awarded projects, namely in Pharmacology, illustrates their importance, need and benefit to improve scientific knowledge and create solutions. In the future, with the contribute of technology, it might be possible to refine the use of animal models in pharmacology studies.

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