scholarly journals Indirect genetic effects underlie oxygen-limited thermal tolerance within a coastal population of chinook salmon

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1789) ◽  
pp. 20141082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas J. Muñoz ◽  
Katja Anttila ◽  
Zhongqi Chen ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
Anthony P. Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Indirect Genetic Effects

With global temperatures projected to surpass the limits of thermal tolerance for many species, evaluating the heritable variation underlying thermal tolerance is critical for understanding the potential for adaptation to climate change. We examined the evolutionary potential of thermal tolerance within a population of chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) by conducting a full-factorial breeding design and measuring the thermal performance of cardiac function and the critical thermal maximum (CT max ) of offspring from each family. Additive genetic variation in offspring phenotype was mostly negligible, although these direct genetic effects explained 53% of the variation in resting heart rate ( f H ). Conversely, maternal effects had a significant influence on resting f H , scope for f H , cardiac arrhythmia temperature and CT max . These maternal effects were associated with egg size, as indicated by strong relationships between the mean egg diameter of mothers and offspring thermal tolerance. Because egg size can be highly heritable in chinook salmon, our finding indicates that the maternal effects of egg size constitute an indirect genetic effect contributing to thermal tolerance. Such indirect genetic effects could accelerate evolutionary responses to the selection imposed by rising temperatures and could contribute to the population-specific thermal tolerance that has recently been uncovered among Pacific salmon populations.

scholarly journals The more you get, the more you give: Positive cascading effects shape the evolutionary potential of prenatal maternal investment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel L Pick ◽  
Erik Postma ◽  
Barbara Tschirren
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Paternal Line ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

Maternal effects are prevalent in nature and significantly contribute to variation in phenotypic trait expression. However, little attention has been paid to the factors shaping variation in the traits mediating these effects (maternal effectors). Specific maternal effectors are often not identified, and typically they are assumed to be inherited in an additive genetic and autosomal manner. Given that these effectors can cause long-lasting effects on offspring phenotype, it is likely that they may also affect themselves in the next generation. Although the existence of such cascading maternal effects has been discussed and modelled, empirical examples of such effects are rare, let alone quantitative estimates of their strength and evolutionary consequences. Here we demonstrate that the investment a mother makes in her eggs positively affects the egg investment of her daughters. Through reciprocally crossing artificially selected lines for divergent prenatal maternal investment in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), we demonstrate that the size of eggs daughters lay resembles the egg size of their maternal line significantly more than that of their paternal line, highlighting that egg size is in part maternally inherited. Correspondingly, we find that variation in the daughters' egg size is in part determined by maternal identity, in addition to substantial additive genetic effects. Furthermore, this maternal variance in offspring egg size is fully explained by maternal egg size, demonstrating the presence of a positive cascading effect of maternal egg size on offspring egg size. Finally, we use an evolutionary model to quantify the consequences of covariance between cascading maternal and additive genetic effects for both maternal effector and offspring body mass evolution. Our study demonstrates that, by amplifying the amount of variation available for selection to act on, positive cascading maternal effects can significantly enhance the evolutionary potential of maternal effectors and the offspring traits that they affect.

scholarly journals The biophysical basis of thermal tolerance in fish eggs

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1937) ◽  
pp. 20201550
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Martin ◽  
Peter N. Dudley ◽  
Neosha S. Kashef ◽  
David M. Stafford ◽  
William J. Reeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Warming Climate

A warming climate poses a fundamental problem for embryos that develop within eggs because their demand for oxygen (O 2 ) increases much more rapidly with temperature than their capacity for supply, which is constrained by diffusion across the egg surface. Thus, as temperatures rise, eggs may experience O 2 limitation due to an imbalance between O 2 supply and demand. Here, we formulate a mathematical model of O 2 limitation and experimentally test whether this mechanism underlies the upper thermal tolerance in large aquatic eggs. Using Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) as a model system, we show that the thermal tolerance of eggs varies systematically with features of the organism and environment. Importantly, this variation can be precisely predicted by the degree to which these features shift the balance between O 2 supply and demand. Equipped with this mechanistic understanding, we predict and experimentally confirm that the thermal tolerance of these embryos in their natural habitat is substantially lower than expected from laboratory experiments performed under normoxia. More broadly, our biophysical model of O 2 limitation provides a mechanistic explanation for the elevated thermal sensitivity of fish embryos relative to other life stages, global patterns in egg size and the extreme fecundity of large teleosts.

Ontogentic shifts in genetic and maternal effects on length and survival in Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha )

Aquaculture ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 468 ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britney K. Falica ◽  
Sarah J. Lehnert ◽  
Trevor E. Pitcher ◽  
Daniel D. Heath ◽  
Dennis M. Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha

scholarly journals Egg size and emergence timing affect morphology and behavior in juvenile Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 778-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Cogliati ◽  
Julia R. Unrein ◽  
Heather A. Stewart ◽  
Carl B. Schreck ◽  
David L. G. Noakes
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
And Behavior

Egg size, fecundity, and development rate of two introduced New Zealand chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1946-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Kinnison ◽  
Martin J Unwin ◽  
William K Hershberger ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
Temperature Records

Interpopulation differences in several adult phenotypic traits suggest that New Zealand (NZ) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are evolving into distinct populations. To further investigate this hypothesis, we compared egg sizes, fecundities, and early development rates of chinook from two NZ streams. The two NZ study populations differed in size-adjusted egg weight and gonadosomatic index, but not in size-adjusted fecundity. Egg weight, fecundity, and gonadosomatic index values for both NZ populations were different than values for chinook from Battle Creek, California, the population regarded as the ancestral NZ stock. In contrast, there was little evidence of divergence in juvenile development. Time to hatching did not differ between the two NZ study populations and heritability estimates were small with large standard errors. Evidence of a small difference in alevin growth rate may have represented an effect of yolk conversion mechanics related to egg size. Despite the similarity in development rates under shared conditions, modeling based on temperature records suggests that emergence dates in the two NZ streams may differ by 4-6 weeks, yielding significant phenotypic differences.

scholarly journals Analysis of direct and indirect genetic effects in fighting sea anemones

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 540-547
Author(s):  
Sarah M Lane ◽  
Alastair J Wilson ◽  
Mark Briffa
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies ◽  
Fighting Behavior ◽  
Indirect Genetic Effects

Abstract Theoretical models of animal contests such as the Hawk-Dove game predict that variation in fighting behavior will persist due to mixed evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) under certain conditions. However, the genetic basis for this variation is poorly understood and a mixed ESS for fighting can be interpreted in more than one way. Specifically, we do not know whether variation in aggression within a population arises from among-individual differences in fixed strategy (determined by an individual’s genotype—direct genetic effects [DGEs]), or from within-individual variation in strategy across contests. Furthermore, as suggested by developments of the original Hawk-Dove model, within-individual variation in strategy may be dependent on the phenotype and thus genotype of the opponent (indirect genetic effects—IGEs). Here we test for the effect of DGEs and IGEs during fights in the beadlet sea anemone Actinia equina. By exploiting the unusual reproductive system of sea anemones, combined with new molecular data, we investigate the role of both additive (DGE + IGE) and non-additive (DGE × IGE) genetic effects on fighting parameters, the latter of which have been hypothesized but never tested for explicitly. We find evidence for heritable variation in fighting ability and that fight duration increases with relatedness. Fighting success is influenced additively by DGEs and IGEs but we found no evidence for non-additive IGEs. These results indicate that variation in fighting behavior is driven by additive indirect genetic effects (DGE + IGE), and support a core assumption of contest theory that strategies are fixed by DGEs.

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