scholarly journals Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the Late Ediacaran period (approx. 560 Ma)

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1793) ◽  
pp. 20141202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander G. Liu ◽  
Jack J. Matthews ◽  
Latha R. Menon ◽  
Duncan McIlroy ◽  
Martin D. Brasier
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Geological Record ◽  
Fossil Evidence ◽  
Body Fossil

Muscle tissue is a fundamentally eumetazoan attribute. The oldest evidence for fossilized muscular tissue before the Early Cambrian has hitherto remained moot, being reliant upon indirect evidence in the form of Late Ediacaran ichnofossils. We here report a candidate muscle-bearing organism, Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., from approximately 560 Ma strata in Newfoundland, Canada. This taxon exhibits sediment moulds of twisted, superimposed fibrous bundles arranged quadrilaterally, extending into four prominent bifurcating corner branches. Haootia is distinct from all previously published contemporaneous Ediacaran macrofossils in its symmetrically fibrous, rather than frondose, architecture. Its bundled fibres, morphology, and taphonomy compare well with the muscle fibres of fossil and extant Cnidaria, particularly the benthic Staurozoa. Haootia quadriformis thus potentially provides the earliest body fossil evidence for both metazoan musculature, and for Eumetazoa, in the geological record.

The Placentian Series: appearance of the oldest skeletalized faunas in southeastern Newfoundland

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Landing ◽  
Paul Myrow ◽  
Alison P. Benus ◽  
Guy M. Narbonne
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cambrian ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Island Formation ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Small Shelly Fossils ◽  
Body Fossil ◽  
Offshore Muds ◽  
Block Faulting ◽  
Phosphate Deposits ◽  
High Diversity

The lowest Cambrian of Avalon, or Placentian Series, is a relatively thick sequence (1,400 m) in southeastern Newfoundland. A newly proposed body fossil zonation supplements an existing trace fossil zonation of the lower part of the Placentian Series and includes strata to the top of the sub-trilobitic Lower Cambrian.The Sabellidites cambriensis Zone brackets the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary and comprises peritidal and wave-influenced subtidal facies deposited during deepening through the lower part of the Chapel Island Formation. Younger “Ladatheca” cylindrica Zone strata include the deepest facies of the Chapel Island Formation. The base of the overlying Watsonella crosbyi Zone (a post-Nemakit Daldyn and pre-Tommotian equivalent) is significantly diachronous because the diagnostic mollusks were preferentially preserved in pyritiferous offshore muds rather than in coeval nearshore muds. High diversity, upper Watsonella crosbyi Zone faunas (18 species) are limited to peritidal limestones of member 4 and are dominated by calcareous small shelly fossils. A thick interval (ca. 430 m) without body fossils and an important episode of block faulting that led to 750 m of differential erosion preceded deposition of the lower part of the Bonavista Group (=Sunnaginia imbricata Zone, an interval considered to be largely older than the Tommotian). Although much Early Cambrian time may be lost as a result of erosion at Random Formation–Bonavista Group unconformities, many Watsonella crosbyi Zone species reappear in the Sunnaginia imbricata Zone. Shoaling accompanied the immigration event defining the base of the Camenella baltica Zone, and an unconformity following regional offlap marks the top of the Placentian Series.Calcareous, and not phosphatic, composition is most common in earliest Cambrian shelly remains. Little evidence suggests that a global, Precambrian–Cambrian boundary interval “phosphogenic” event either resulted in deposition of local phosphate deposits in the Tethyan region or had a role in the appearance of mineralized skeletons.Twenty metazoans and problematica and an alga are illustrated from the Chapel Island Formation. Bemella? vonbitteri Landing n. sp. and Halkieria stonei Landing n. sp. are described. The monoplacophoran Archaeospira? avalonensis Landing n. sp. has right-and left-handed conchs comparable to those of Archaeospira (=Yangtzespira) from China. Anabarites is the senior generic synonym of Tiksitheca.

scholarly journals First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1616) ◽  
pp. 1361-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Varricchio ◽  
Anthony J Martin ◽  
Yoshihiro Katsura
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Evidence ◽  
Body Fossil

scholarly journals The Peculiarities of Remodelling Muscle Tissue of Rats Under the Vibration Influence

PRILOZI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazar M. Kostyshyn ◽  
Liybov P. Kostyshyn ◽  
Marta I. Servetnyk ◽  
Mechyslav R. Grzegotsky
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Vertical Vibration ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Transverse Strain ◽  
Vibration Acceleration ◽  
Tissue Remodelling ◽  
Acceleration Level ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Sexually Mature

Abstract Study of the influence of vibration oscillations of different frequency, amplitude and vibration acceleration on the structural and functional state and mechanisms of muscle tissue remodelling. An experimental study was conducted on sexually mature male rats. The rats of the four experimental groups were subjected to vertical vibration oscillations of 15, 25, 50 and 75 Hz, respectively. It has been established that pathological changes in muscle tissue in the form of different variants of damage and remodelling tend to increase, which correlates with the frequency of vibration, amplitude and vibration acceleration level, as in the 2nd group, where the maximum permissible vibration levels did not exceed the established allowable norms, and in other groups of animals, where the permissible levels of total vibration were exceeded. By increasing vibration acceleration for more than 1.25 m/s2 (0.13 g, frequency more than 25 Hz and amplitude of 2 mm), severe damages are observed in the form of alterative changes of muscle fibres with the disappearance of transverse strain, homogenization of sarcoplasm, fragmentation with dissociation fibres on separate beams, partial and subtotal myocytolysis, and necrosis of separate fibres. Inflammation is rapidly increasing with the increase in the frequency of vibration and the level of vibration acceleration for more than 5.0 m/s2 (0.51 g).

Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Arthropods

1990 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 197-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Shear
Keyword(s):  
Trace Fossils ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Fossil Evidence ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Body Fossil

When did arthropods first invade the land? Circumstantial evidence based on trace fossils (Retallack and Feakes, 1987) suggests that large animals, possibly arthropods, may have been present on land and burrowing in soils in the Late Ordovician, but this idea is as yet unsupported by body fossil evidence.

Distribution of Glycogen in the Developing Salmon (Salmo Salar L.)

1947 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-144
Author(s):  
R. J. DANIEL
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Embryonic Shield ◽  
Strong Staining ◽  
Yolk Sac Cells

1. Quantitative estimations and histological methods have been used to determine the presence and distribution of glycogen in fertilized salmon eggs and subsequent stages of development. 2. A check upon the occurrence of glycogen in each sample was obtained by the use of amylase and the presence of glucose as a result of this technique confirmed, in certain large samples, by the formation of phenylglucosazone crystals. 3. Results of estimations agree with the general distribution of glycogen as shown in histological sections. They differ from those of Hayes & Hollett (1940) who, using water extraction, found no glycogen in stages corresponding to stages I and II and only recorded it as doubtfully present in the yolk-sac. 4. In stages I and II glycogen is concentrated in the blastoderm and perivitelline space. Later the main sources are the muscles, liver and yolk-sac envelope. 5. Glycogen is present in embryonic muscle tissue when fibrils are being laid down (stage III). Subsequently it occurs in both sarcoplasm and muscle fibres. 6. Eight days before hatching (stage V) there is strong staining reaction for glycogen in liver cells, and it is present in all later stages. This glycogen is not obtained from engulfed food or from direct absorption of yolk by liver cells. 7. There is histological evidence that yolk is taken up by the yolk-sac blood vessels after absorption by the yolk-sac cells and dermis. This absorption is accompanied by the appearance of glycogen in these cells and in yolk lying adjacent to them. 8. An increase in amounts of glycogen in both embryo and yolk-sac coincides with a rapid absorption of fat which takes place about 20 days after hatching. 9. The presence of glycogen in blastoderm cells, before the gastrula stage, is similar to the condition in developing Aves and Amphibia. This is true, also, for its appearance early in the formation of muscle tissue. Other similarities are the presence of glycogen in the perivitelline fluid of salmon and Amphibia and the manner of its distribution in the liver of early and late stages of the salmon and chick. 10. There is extra-embryonic glycogen present in the meroblastic eggs of both the salmon and chick. It is concentrated in the embryonic shield of the latter which corresponds, in development, to the glycogen-carrying envelope of the salmon yolk-sac. Accompanying these deposits in both cases is a well-developed circulatory system to assist in the absorption of yolk. 11. The presence of glycogen in the yolk-sac cells of the salmon refutes a suggestion that the embryo receives glucose only by direct diffusion from the yolk. 12. The liver cells and yolk-sac cells overlap in the function of laying down glycogen during development. The latter, therefore, do not form a ‘transitory’ but rather function as a ‘supplementary’ liver, connected with the liver by a venous system until the cells rejoin the true embryo after complete yolk exhaustion.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory potential of microemulsion and pure bullfrog oil in muscle injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-240
Author(s):  
André Luiz Silva Davim ◽  
Tereza Neuma de Castro Dantas ◽  
Diego Filgueira Albuquerque ◽  
Márcia Rodrigues Pereira ◽  
Laíse Beatriz Trindade da Silva Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bullfrog Oil

ABSTRACT Introduction: Every day science seeks new ways to treat various diseases through drugs that are efficient and viable. Thus, therapeutic alternatives that meet such demand are targets of study. Microemulsions are one of these new alternatives due to their peculiar pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the anti-inflammatory potential of microemulsion and pure bullfrog oil using an experimental model of muscle injury. Methods: Male Swiss mice were divided into three groups: control, microemulsion and pure bullfrog oil. After the pre-treatment, a muscle injury was induced in the animals’ leg and subsequently evaluations were carried out in the horizontal extent of edema and compared between the groups at predetermined times. Following evaluation of muscle injury, dissection of the right gastrocnemius muscles was performed for histological analysis. Results: The microemulsion and pure bullfrog oil showed good anti-inflammatory activity, acting similarly in reducing edema during the first two hours, but without statistical significance from the 3rd to the 24th hour after induction. The histological analysis revealed that the muscle tissue of the animals treated with the microemulsion presented mild cellular infiltrate and little wear of muscle fibers when compared with the muscular tissue of animals treated with the pure bullfrog oil. The histological analysis of the hepatic tissue showed signs of injury in the liver lobes of the pure bullfrog oil group, not observed in the microemulsion group. Conclusion: The microemulsion sho-wed good anti-inflammatory potential in the acute phase of the inflammatory response, reducing the formation of edema and preserving muscle tissue against the occurrence of lesions and without inducing injury in hepatic tissue.

scholarly journals Current Methods for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Repair and Regeneration

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Liu ◽  
Dominik Saul ◽  
Kai Oliver Böker ◽  
Jennifer Ernst ◽  
Wolfgang Lehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Muscle Repair ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Functional Regeneration

Skeletal muscle has the capacity of regeneration after injury. However, for large volumes of muscle loss, this regeneration needs interventional support. Consequently, muscle injury provides an ongoing reconstructive and regenerative challenge in clinical work. To promote muscle repair and regeneration, different strategies have been developed within the last century and especially during the last few decades, including surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, and muscular tissue engineering as well as cell therapy. Still, there is a great need to develop new methods and materials, which promote skeletal muscle repair and functional regeneration. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview over the epidemiology of muscle tissue loss, highlight current strategies in clinical treatment, and discuss novel methods for muscle regeneration and challenges for their future clinical translation.

Asymmetry in the fossil record

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (S2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOREN E. BABCOCK
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Lateral Asymmetry ◽  
Morphological Asymmetry ◽  
Fossil Evidence ◽  
Behavioural Asymmetries ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Body Fossil

Asymmetry is a fundamental aspect of the biology of all organisms, and has a deep evolutionary history. The fossil record contains evidence of both morphological and behavioural asymmetries. Morphological asymmetry is most commonly expressed as conspicuous, directional asymmetry (either lateral asymmetry or spiral asymmetry) in body fossils. Few examples of fluctuating asymmetry, a form of subtle asymmetry, have been documented from fossils. Body fossil evidence indicates that morphological asymmetry dates to the time of the appearance of the first life on Earth (Archaean Eon). Behavioural asymmetry can be assumed to have been concomitant with conspicuous morphological asymmetry, but more direct evidence is in the form of trace fossils. Trace fossil evidence suggests that behavioural asymmetry, including nervous system lateralization, was in existence by the beginning of the Palaeozoic Era.

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