scholarly journals Growth strategies of a model picoplankter depend on social milieu and p CO 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1955) ◽  
pp. 20211154
Author(s):  
Sinead Collins ◽  
C. Elisa Schaum
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Diverse Populations ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Social Milieu

Phytoplankton exist in genetically diverse populations, but are often studied as single lineages (single strains), so that interpreting single-lineage studies relies critically on understanding how microbial growth differs with social milieu, defined as the presence or absence of conspecifics. The properties of lineages grown alone often fail to predict the growth of these same lineages in the presence of conspecifics, and this discrepancy points towards an opportunity to improve our understanding of the factors that affect lineage growth rates. We demonstrate that different lineages of a marine picoplankter modulate their maximum lineage growth rate in response to the presence of non-self conspecifics, even when resource competition is effectively absent. This explains why growth rates of lineages in isolation do not reliably predict their growth rates in mixed culture, or the lineage composition of assemblages under conditions of rapid growth. The diversity of growth strategies observed here are consistent with lineage-specific energy allocation that depends on social milieu. Since lineage growth is only one of many traits determining fitness in natural assemblages, we hypothesize that intraspecific variation in growth strategies should be common, with more strategies possible in ameliorated environments that support higher maximum growth rates, such as high CO 2 for many marine picoplankton.

scholarly journals Diverse strategies link growth rate and competitive ability in phytoplankton responses to changes in CO2 levels

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinead Collins ◽  
C. Elisa Schaum
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Primary Producers ◽  
Data Archiving ◽  
Organismal Biology ◽  
Co2 Levels

AbstractAquatic microbial primary producers exist in genetically variable populations, but are often studied as single lineages. However, the properties of lineages grown alone often fail to predict the composition of microbial assemblages. We demonstrate that different lineages of a marine picoplankter have unique growth strategies, and that they modulate their lineage growth rate in the presence of other lineages. This explains why growth rates of lineages in isolation do not reliably predict the lineage composition of assemblages. The diversity of growth strategies observed are consistent with lineage-specific energy-allocation that depends on social milieu. Since lineage growth is only one of many traits determining fitness in natural assemblages, we propose that in all but the poorest quality environments where allocating maximum energy to growth is the only viable strategy, we should expect intraspecific variation in growth strategies, with more strategies possible in ameliorated environments, such as high CO2 for many marine picoplankton. This emphasizes the importance of understanding and accounting for basic organismal biology in our models of aquatic primary producers.Data archivingShould this manuscript be accepted, data will be archived at Pangea, and the DOI be included at the end of the article

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

Single Crystal Silicon Carbide On Silicon Using A Supersonic Gas Jet Of Methylsilane

1997 ◽  
Vol 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ustin ◽  
C. Long ◽  
L. Lauhon ◽  
W. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Single Crystal Silicon ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Supersonic Molecular Beam ◽  
Transmission Electron

AbstractCubic SiC films have been grown on Si(001) and Si(111) substrates at temperatures between 600 °C and 900 °C with a single supersonic molecular beam source. Methylsilane (H3SiCH3) was used as the sole precursor with hydrogen and nitrogen as seeding gases. Optical reflectance was used to monitor in situ growth rate and macroscopic roughness. The growth rate of SiC was found to depend strongly on substrate orientation, methylsilane kinetic energy, and growth temperature. Growth rates were 1.5 to 2 times greater on Si(111) than on Si(001). The maximum growth rates achieved were 0.63 μm/hr on Si(111) and 0.375μm/hr on Si(001). Transmission electron diffraction (TED) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for structural characterization. In-plane azimuthal (ø-) scans show that films on Si(001) have the correct 4-fold symmetry and that films on Si(111) have a 6-fold symmetry. The 6-fold symmetry indicates that stacking has occurred in two different sequences and double positioning boundaries have been formed. The minimum rocking curve width for SiC on Si(001) and Si(111) is 1.2°. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) absorption was performed to discern the chemical bonding. Cross Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (XTEM) was used to image the SiC/Si interface.

Kinetics And Morphology Of Homoepitaxial Cvd Growth On Diamond (100) And (111)

1995 ◽  
Vol 416 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Rawles ◽  
W. G. Morris ◽  
M. P. D’Evelyn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Arrhenius Behavior ◽  
Oriented Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Cvd Growth ◽  
Hot Filament

ABSTRACTGrowth rates for homoepitaxy of diamond (100) and (111) by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition were measured via in situ Fizeau interferometry and the surface morphologies were subsequently characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). (100)-oriented growth from 0.5% CH4 in H2 exhibited pure Arrhenius behavior, with an activation energy of 17±1 kcal/mol, up to a substrate temperature of 1100°C. Addition of oxygen to the feed gas resulted in an increased growth rate below 900°C, a maximum growth rate between 900 and 1000°C, and etching (of diamond) above 1050 - 1100°C. However, the presence of oxygen apparently had less effect on the surface morphology than did the (100)-to-(111) growth rate parameter α, determined directly from the relative growth rates of (100) and (111) substrates mounted side by side. During homoepitaxial growth from 0.5% CH4 in H2 at 875°C of ca. 1-micron-thick films,α = was 2.2 without oxygen and 1.3 for growth with 0.14% O2. The (100) film grown with α = 2.2 was quite smooth, while that with α = 1.3 was covered by numerous hillocks and penetration twins. AFM analysis revealed surprisingly little difference between the (111) films despite the considerable difference in α. Implications of these results for the growth mechanism are discussed.

Growth Rate Responses of Lotic Periphytic Diatoms to Experimental Phosphorus Enrichment: The Influence of Temperature and Light

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max L. Bothwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Enrichment ◽  
Enrichment Experiments ◽  
Community Growth ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
River Water Temperature

Phosphate enrichment experiments were conducted year-round at the experimental troughs research apparatus (EXTRA) on the South Thompson River in British Columbia to determine the relationship between external concentration of orthophosphate and the growth rates of lotic periphytic diatom communities. Growth rate saturation always occurred at a phosphate concentration of approximately 0.3–0.6 μg P∙L−1. The maximum growth rate (μmax-P) with phosphorus enrichment varied seasonally with temperature. The relative specific growth rates (μ:μmax-P) as a function of external phosphate were constant. Seasonal changes in solar insolation (PAR) had no effect on the autotrophic community growth rates in unamended river water. Temperature exerted the most dominant influence on phosphorus-replete growth rates.

Effect of Temperature on Growth of Five Subtropical Grasses. I. Effect of Day and Night Temperature on Growth and Morphological Development

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Ivory ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Night Temperature

Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Panicum maximum var, trichoglume, Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense and Pennisetum clandestinum were grown in two experiments in controlled environments, each experiment having all possible day/night temperature combinations of (1) 10, 20, 30, and 40°C and (2) 15,25, 30 and 35°C. Both day and night temperatures significantly affected growth in all species. Growth was greatly restricted by constant temperatures of 10 and 15°, while maximum growth rates occurred at 29-35°C day temperatures with 26-30°C night temperatures. At optimum or supra-optimum temperatures a diurnal variation in temperature gave higher growth rates than a constant temperature for the same daily mean. By contrast, at suboptimum temperatures a constant temperature gave the highest growth rates and growth rate was decreased as the diurnal variation about a given daily mean temperature was increased. Mathematical functions relating the growth of each species to day and night temperature and maximum growth rate at optimum temperatures were developed. The effect of temperature on relative growth rate (Rw) was mediated through its effect on net assimilation rate (EA). Night temperature was found to affect Rw and EA independently of day temperature and therefore a prehistory effect of night temperature on photosynthesis in the subsequent day was indicated. Temperature had significant effects on tillering in P. maximum and P. clandestinum but had little effect in C. gayana, C. ciliaris and P. coloratum. The optimum temperatures for leaf growth and leaf area development in C. ciliaris and C. gayana were higher than the optimum temperatures for growth of the whole plant, while optimum temperatures for stem growth were lower. In P. maximum, P. coloratum and P. clandestinum, optimum temperatures for all growth components were similar. Differences between temperate and tropical grasses in morphological reaction to temperature are discussed.

Shoot and leaf growth in Fraxinuspennsylvanica and its relation to crown location and pruning

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1997-2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Remphrey ◽  
C.G. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Duration

Elongation of shoots in various crown locations, and of individual internodes and leaves of the leading shoot, were recorded at 2-day intervals throughout the 1991 growing season in four clones of Fraxinuspennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. (green ash). Other trees were disbudded and pruned to a single leader. Using a logistic growth function, nonlinear regression equations were generated and parameter estimates were used to determine maximum growth rates. Terminal leading shoots had a longer growth duration and a greater maximum growth rate than lateral shoots. The pruning treatment resulted in larger shoots, which grew 2–3 weeks longer and had a higher maximum growth rate. Leaf emergence occurred at regular intervals but the rate of emergence varied among clones. Leaf maximum growth rates were not significantly different among clones. Leaf size declined acropetally whereas internode length increased and then decreased. The longest leaves and internodes had the highest maximum growth rates. The size and maximum growth rates of putative preformed leaves were larger than putative neoformed leaves. As a shoot expanded, growth of one internode tended to cease during the linear phase of growth of its associated leaf and that of the succeeding internode.

Quantitative relationships for specific growth rates and macromolecular compositions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Escherichia coli B/r: an integrative theoretical approach

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 1413-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Further understanding of the physiological states of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria was sought through comparisons with the genomic properties and macromolecular compositions of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), grown at 30 °C, and Escherichia coli B/r, grown at 37 °C. A frame of reference was established based on quantitative relationships observed between specific growth rates (μ) of cells and their macromolecular compositions. The concept of a schematic cell based on transcription/translation coupling, average genes and average proteins was developed to provide an instantaneous view of macromolecular synthesis carried out by cells growing at their maximum rate. It was inferred that the ultra-fast growth of E. coli results from its ability to increase the average number of rRNA (rrn) operons per cell through polyploidy, thereby increasing its capacity for ribosome synthesis. The maximum growth rate of E. coli was deduced to be limited by the rate of uptake and consumption of nutrients providing energy. Three characteristic properties of S. coelicolor A3(2) growing optimally (μ=0·30 h−1) were identified. First, the rate of DNA replication was found to approach the rate reported for E. coli (μ=1·73 h−1); secondly, all rrn operons were calculated to be fully engaged in precursor-rRNA synthesis; thirdly, compared with E. coli, protein synthesis was found to depend on higher concentrations of ribosomes and lower concentrations of aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-Tu. An equation was derived for E. coli B/r relating μ to the number of rrn operons per genome. Values of μ=0·69 h−1 and μ=1·00 h−1 were obtained respectively for cells with one or two rrn operons per genome. Using the author's equation relating the number of rrn operons per genome to maximum growth rate, it is expected that M. tuberculosis with one rrn operon should be capable of growing much faster than it actually does. Therefore, it is suggested that the high number of insertion sequences in this species attenuates growth rate to still lower values.

On the asymptotic behaviour of sample spacings

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Asymptotic Behaviour ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
Sample Spacing ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sample Spacings

SummarySuppose that we are given a random sample of size n chosen according to the uniform distribution on the unit interval. Let Zn(x) = Zn(x, ω) be the length of the unique left-closed and right-open sample spacing that contains x. The purpose of this paper is to examine the almost sure, and exceptional, growth rates of the process {Zn}. The typical maximum growth rate and the growth rate of the maximum can be of quite different orders of magnitude as is shown by the following two results.Theorem 2. With probability one we havefor almost all x.Theorem 3. With probability one we have

scholarly journals Estimating the maximal growth rates of eukaryotic microbes from cultures and metagenomes via codon usage patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake L Weissman ◽  
Edward-Robert O Dimbo ◽  
Arianna I Krinos ◽  
Christopher Neely ◽  
Yuniba Yagues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Microbial Eukaryotes ◽  
Eukaryotic Microbes

Microbial eukaryotes are ubiquitous in the environment and play important roles in key ecosystem processes, including accounting for a significant portion of global primary production. Yet, our tools for assessing the functional capabilities of eukaryotic microbes in the environment are quite limited because many microbes have yet to be grown in culture. Maximum growth rate is a fundamental parameter of microbial lifestyle that reveals important information about an organism's functional role in a community. We developed and validated a genomic estimator of maximum growth rate for eukaryotic microbes, enabling the assessment of growth potential for both cultivated and yet-to-be-cultivated organisms. We produced a database of over 700 growth predictions from genomes, transcriptomes, and metagenome-assembled genomes, and found that closely related and/or functionally similar organisms tended to have similar maximal growth rates. By comparing the maximal growth rates of existing culture collections with environmentally-derived genomes we found that, unlike for prokaryotes, culture collections of microbial eukaryotes are only minimally biased in terms of growth potential. We then extended our tool to make community-wide estimates of growth potential from over 500 marine metagenomes, mapping growth potential across the global oceans. We found that prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities have highly correlated growth potentials near the ocean surface, but that this relationship disappears deeper in the water column. This suggests that fast growing eukaryotes and prokaryotes thrive under similar conditions at the ocean surface, but that there is a decoupling of these communities as resources become scarce deeper in the water column.

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