scholarly journals A physiological profile approach to animal temperament: How to understand the functional significance of individual differences in behaviour

2022 ◽  
Vol 289 (1966) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elyse K. McMahon ◽  
Elizabeth Youatt ◽  
Sonia A. Cavigelli
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Physiological Profile ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
Profile Approach ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Selection Of

Animal behaviour research has experienced a renewed interest in consistent individual differences (i.e. animal personality or temperament). Recent ecological studies have identified environmental conditions that give rise to the development and evolution of temperaments and to fitness-related outcomes of temperament. Additional literature has also described relationships between temperaments and physiological regulation. However, one-to-one relationships between one behavioural trait and one physiological system do not account for co-selection of behavioural and physiological traits, nor the complex signalling among physiological systems. In the current paper, we review the literature on multiple physiological processes associated with temperament, propose temperament-specific physiological profiles, and focus on next steps to understand the functional significance, evolution and maintenance of temperaments. We propose that to understand causes and consequences of temperament we need to characterize integrative physiological profiles associated with different temperaments.

scholarly journals Associations between Personality Traits and Basal Cortisol Responses in Sailing Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 804-812
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Limone ◽  
Maria Sinatra ◽  
Flavio Ceglie ◽  
Lucia Monacis
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Basal Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Physiological Profiles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

There is a paucity of literature regarding the psycho-physiological profiles of sailors on board. This study aimed at providing empirical evidence on the individual differences between bowmen and helmsmen taking into account a biopsychological perspective. To this purpose, sailors’ profiles were examined by focusing on the association between personality traits and basal cortisol. The sample was composed of 104 athletes (Mage = 21.32, SD = 0.098; F = 35%), who fulfilled a self-reported questionnaire including a socio-demographic section and the Big Five questionnaire. Cortisol samples were collected on the day before the competition, within 30 min after awakening. T-test analysis showed significant differences on cortisol levels: bowmen obtained higher levels on cortisol responses compared to helmsmen. No differences emerged on personality traits between athletes’ roles. Bivariate associations showed positive associations of cortisol responses with extraversion and conscientiousness in bowmen, whereas no significant associations of cortisol with personality traits were found in helmsmen. Regression analyses confirmed that sex and extraversion predicted higher level of cortisol responses. Results were discussed in terms of a bio-psychosocial theoretical approach and provided findings on the relationships between personality trait and the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal (HPA) system in dinghy sailors. Suggestions for a more suitable selection of sailor roles were given to coaches in order to improve athletes’ performance.

scholarly journals A Study of Educational Achievement of Standard XI Students in Context of their Learning Style in Reference to Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay B. Raval
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Learning Style Inventory ◽  
Kinesthetic Learning ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

In the Era of Change, teacher should consider the individual differences while teaching in the classroom. In fact teacher must keep in mind the individual differences for teaching. Students have so many talent, we as a teacher must have that angel of view of identifying it. This individual difference can be divided in dimension of Learning Style, too. Researcher was giving service in High School as a teacher, he observe such an Individual difference in context to learning style in class room. Is there any relationship between Educational Achievement and Learning Style? Is there any effect of Learning Style on Educational Achievement in reference to Area? To find the answer of this question present study was conducted. Population & Sample: Population for present study was students studying in Standard-XI of Gujarati Medium School of Gandhinagar District. The selection of schools was by Stratified Randomization Technique and selection of students was selected by Cluster Method. In last, the Sample size was 607. Method: Survey Method was used for Data Collection. Tool: Self constructed Learning Style Inventory (L.S.I.) was used for Data Collection. Learning Style Inventory (L.S.I.) was three Point Likert type Scale. Findings: 1) There was no significance different in educational achievement among students having Visual Learning Style, Auditorial Learning Style and Kinesthetic Learning Style. 2) In matter of educational achievement, students of Rural are superior to students of Urban among students having Visual Learning Style. 3) In matter of educational achievement, students of Rural are superior to students of Urban among students having Auditorial Learning Style. 4) In matter of educational achievement, students of Urban are superior to students of Rural among students having Kinesthetic Learning Style.

Modularity

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Universal Property ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Behavior Development ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Subunit Organization ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Selection Of

Modularity, like the responsiveness that gives rise to it during development and evolution, is a universal property of living things and a fundamental determinant of how they evolve. Modularity refers to the properties of discreteness and dissociability among parts and integration within parts. There are many other words for the same thing, such as atomization (Wagner, 1995), individualization (Larson and Losos, 1996), autonomy (Nijhout, 1991b), dislocation (Schwanwitsch, 1924), decomposability (Wimsatt, 1981), discontinuity (Alberch, 1982), gene nets (Bonner, 1988), subunit organization (West-Eberhard, 1992a, 1996), compartments or compartmentation (Garcia-Bellido et al., 1979; Zuckerkandl, 1994; Maynard-Smith and Szathmary, 1995; Kirschner and Gerhart, 1998), and compartmentalization (Gerhart and Kirschner, 1997). One purpose of this chapter is to give consistent operational meaning to the concept of modularity in organisms. Seger and Stubblefield (1996, p. 118) note that organisms show “natural planes of cleavage” among organ systems, biochemical pathways, life stages, and behaviors that allow independent selection of different ones. They ask, “What determines where these planes of cleavage are located” and suggest that a “theory of organic articulations” may give insight into the laws of correlation, without specifying what the laws of articulation may be. Wagner (1995, p. 282) recognizes the importance of modularity and proposes a “building block” concept of homology where structural units often correspond to units of function, but concludes (after Rosenberg, 1985) that “there exists no way to distinguish an adequate from an inadequate atomization of the organisms.” Here I propose that modularity has a specific developmental basis (see also West-Eberhard, 1989, 1992a, 1996; see also Larson and Losos, 1996). Modular traits are subunits of the phenotype that are determined by the switches or decision points that organize development, whether of morphology, physiology, or behavior. Development can be seen as a branching series of decision points, including those caused by physical borders such as membranes or contact zones of growing or diffusing parts (e.g., see Meinhardt, 1982; see also chapter 5, on development). Each decision point demarcates the expression or use of a trait—a modular set—and subordinate branches demarcate lower level modular subunits, producing modular sets within modular sets.

A 28-years-long monitoring study suggests heavy decline and habitat shifts in three populations of a Mediterranean tortoise species

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Rugiero ◽  
Massimo Capula ◽  
Daniele Dendi ◽  
Fabio Petrozzi ◽  
Massimiliano Di Vittorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Thermal Ecology ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Monitoring Study ◽  
Testudo Hermanni ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Long-term ecological studies are important for understanding wild populations’ dynamics and processes and the actual factors that can determine their decline. Here, we report the results of a 28-years-long (1992–2019) monitoring of three distinct populations of a tortoise, Testudo hermanni, in Central Italy, with an emphasis on their population abundance trends and on the eventual variation in their habitat use across years and among the study areas. Samplings were conducted by Visual Encounter Survey (VES) methodology, and using a suite of statistical analyses including correlations and Generalized Linear Models analyses. Our data showed a statistically significant decline in tortoise sightings through time, and concurrently also a variation in habitat use by tortoises. In all the three study areas, we observed a significant increase of tortoise sighting frequency in the habitat type characterized by high (>taller than 200 cm) shrubby and wooded vegetation. Since our analyses revealed no significant change in the habitat type availability by year in each study area, we suggest that T. hermanni was increasingly selecting closed vegetation spots throughout the years. We hypothesize that this observed trend of shift in habitat selection could be due to lowering their body temperatures to prevent overheating. So, the selection of more covered spots would be a thermal ecology adaptive consequence of the ongoing global warming.

A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention

2010 ◽  
pp. 333-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Lord ◽  
Catherine Sherrington ◽  
Hylton B. Menz ◽  
Jacqueline C. T. Close
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Physiological Profile ◽  
Falls Risk ◽  
Risk Assessment And Prevention ◽  
Profile Approach

Intuition in Mathematical and Probabilistic Reasoning

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Morsanyi ◽  
Denes Szucs
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
And Task

Many people have a fragmented knowledge and understanding of the rules of mathematics and probability. As a consequence, they struggle with selecting the appropriate strategies to solve problems, and they often rely on intuitive solutions instead of normative rules. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce some typical intuitive strategies that people might apply when they solve mathematical or probability problems. Then the chapter describes the notions of primary and secondary intuitions, and gives an overview of the factors that might affect the selection of a particular intuitive strategy (such as certain individual differences variables and task characteristics). Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of these findings for researchers and educators.

Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors

1992 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsan-Kuo Chang ◽  
Jae-Won Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Newspaper Editors ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Foreign News ◽  
Selection Of

A national survey of newspaper editors examined how editors view the importance of different criteria in selecting foreign news to run. Results show that editors considered these factors important in making choices: threat to the United States and world peace, anticipated reader interest, timeliness, and U.S. involvement. Editors also regarded loss of lives and property as important but less so than other factors. Most editors appear to focus more on factors having significant impact or consequences, especially when American security and national interest are involved. Canonical correlational analysis indicates that editors' perceptions of foreign news factors are determined by individual differences and organizational constraints in the newsroom.

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