Coniochaeta elegans sp. nov., Coniochaeta montana sp. nov. and Coniochaeta nivea sp. nov., three new species of endophytes with distinctive morphology and functional traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Elizabeth Arnold ◽  
Alison H. Harrington ◽  
Yu-Ling Huang ◽  
Jana M. U'Ren ◽  
Nicholas C. Massimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Burned Soil

A growing interest in fungi that occur within symptom-less plants and lichens (endophytes) has uncovered previously uncharacterized species in diverse biomes worldwide. In many temperate and boreal forests, endophytic Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke (Coniochaetaceae, Coniochaetales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) are commonly isolated on standard media, but rarely are characterized. We examined 26 isolates of Coniochaeta housed at the Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium. The isolates were collected from healthy photosynthetic tissues of conifers, angiosperms, mosses and lichens in Canada, Sweden and the United States. Their barcode sequences (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S; ITS rDNA) were ≤97% similar to any documented species available through GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses based on two loci (ITS rDNA and translation elongation factor 1-alpha) indicated that two isolates represented Coniochaeta cymbiformispora, broadening the ecological niche and geographic range of a species known previously from burned soil in Japan. The remaining 24 endophytes represented three previously undescribed species that we characterize here: Coniochaeta elegans sp. nov., Coniochaeta montana sp. nov. and Coniochaeta nivea sp. nov. Each has a wide host range, including lichens, bryophytes and vascular plants. C. elegans sp. nov. and C. nivea sp. nov. have wide geographic ranges. C. montana sp. nov. occurs in the Madrean biome of Arizona (USA), where it is sympatric with the other species described here. All three species display protease, chitinase and cellulase activity in vitro. Overall, this study provides insight into the ecological and evolutionary diversity of Coniochaeta and suggests that these strains may be amenable for studies of traits relevant to a horizontally transmitted, symbiotic lifestyle.

scholarly journals Two new species of Undifilum, fungal endophytes of Astragalus (locoweeds) in the United States

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 866-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deana L. Baucom ◽  
Marie Romero ◽  
Robert Belfon ◽  
Rebecca Creamer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neighbor Joining

New species of Undifilum , from locoweeds Astragalus lentiginosus Vitman and Astragalus mollissimus Torr., are described using morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses as Undifilum fulvum Baucom & Creamer sp. nov. and Undifilum cinereum Baucom & Creamer sp. nov. Fungi were isolated from dried plants of A. lentiginosus var. araneosus , diphysus , lentiginosus , and wahweapensis collected from Arizona, Oregon, and Utah, USA, and A. mollissimus var. biglovii , earleii , and mollissimus collected from New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, USA. Endophytic fungi from Astragalus locoweeds were compared to Undifilum oxytropis isolates obtained from dried plant material of Oxytropis lamberteii from New Mexico and Oxytropis sericea from Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. Extremely slow growth in vitro was observed for all, and conidia, if present, were ellipsoid with transverse septa. However, in vitro color, growth on four different media, and conidium size differed between fungi from Astragalus spp. and U. oxytropis. Neighbor-joining analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene sequences revealed that U. fulvum and U. cinereum formed a clade distinct from U. oxytropis. This was supported by neighbor-joining analyses of results generated from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments using two different primers.

scholarly journals Emergence of Prochloraz-Resistant Populations of Calonectria pauciramosa and Calonectria polizzii in Ornamental Nurseries of Southern Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimiro Guarnaccia ◽  
Dalia Aiello ◽  
Giancarlo Polizzi ◽  
Giancarlo Perrone ◽  
Gaetano Stea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Sterol Demethylation Inhibitors ◽  
Benzimidazole Carbamates ◽  
Group B ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor 1Α

Management of Calonectria spp. infections in nurseries requires scheduled fungicide applications, particularly with methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) and sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Due to rising concerns about the occurrence of MBC resistance in different Calonectria populations and variability in prochloraz efficacy in controlling these pathogens, a detailed study on prochloraz sensitivity distributions of Calonectria isolates belonging to the Calonectria scoparia complex was carried out. In total, 105 isolates collected in two distinct periods (1993 to 1996 and 2005 to 2009) were analyzed for prochloraz sensitivity. Based on DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of β-tubulin, histone H3, and translation elongation factor-1α gene sequences, 69 and 36 isolates were identified as C. pauciramosa and C. polizzii, respectively. The isolates collected more recently (group B) had a reduced prochloraz sensitivity, as indicated by greater values for the effective dose to reduce growth by 50% than those collected earlier (group A). The reduced sensitivity detected in vitro corresponded to partial loss of fungicide efficacy in controlling infections in red clover and feijoa under controlled and semi-field conditions, respectively. Frequent prochloraz application in nurseries for controlling Calonectria spp. infections is discouraged.

scholarly journals Phomopsis Stem Canker: A Reemerging Threat to Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. 990-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Febina M. Mathew ◽  
Kholoud M. Alananbeh ◽  
James G. Jordahl ◽  
Scott M. Meyer ◽  
Lisa A. Castlebury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region

Phomopsis stem canker causes yield reductions on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on several continents, including Australia, Europe, and North America. In the United States, Phomopsis stem canker incidence has increased 16-fold in the Northern Great Plains between 2001 and 2012. Although Diaporthe helianthi was assumed to be the sole causal agent in the United States, a newly described species, D. gulyae, was found to be the primary cause of Phomopsis stem canker in Australia. To determine the identity of Diaporthe spp. causing Phomopsis stem canker in the Northern Great Plains, 275 infected stems were collected between 2010 and 2012. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region, elongation factor subunit 1-α, and actin gene regions of representative isolates, in comparison with those of type specimens, confirmed two species (D. helianthi and D. gulyae) in the United States. Differences in aggressiveness between the two species were determined using the stem-wound method in the greenhouse; overall, D. helianthi and D. gulyae did not vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in their aggressiveness at 10 and 14 days after inoculation. These findings indicate that both Diaporthe spp. have emerged as sunflower pathogens in the United States, and have implications on the management of this disease.

Diaporthe seed decay of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is endemic in the United States, but new fungi are involved

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Petrovic ◽  
Demetra Skaltsas ◽  
Lisa Castlebury ◽  
Brian Kontz ◽  
Tom Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Seed Decay ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Glycine Max L

Diaporthe seed decay can compromise seed quality in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the warm and humid production areas of the United States during crop maturation. In the current study, 45 isolates of Diaporthe were recovered from seed sampled from soybean fields affected by Diaporthe-associated diseases in eight U.S. states in 2017. The isolates obtained belonged to 10 species of Diaporthe based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer, the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and beta-tubulin gene sequences. The associated species included D. aspalathi, D. caulivora, D. kongii, D. longicolla, D. sojae, D. ueckerae, D. unshiuensis and three novel fungi, D. bacilloides, D. flavescens and D. insulistroma. One isolate each of the 10 species was examined for pathogenicity on seed of cv. ‘Sava’ under controlled conditions. Seven days post-inoculation, significant differences in the percentages of decayed seeds and seedling necrosis were observed among the isolates and the non-inoculated control (p<0.0001). While the isolates of D. bacilloides, D. longicolla, and D. ueckerae caused significantly greater percentage of decayed seeds (p<0.0001), the isolate of D. aspalathi caused the greatest seedling necrosis (p<0.0001) when compared to the non-inoculated control. The observation of new fungi causing Diaporthe seed decay suggests the need for a more comprehensive survey in the U.S. soybean producing areas since members of the genus Diaporthe appear to form a complex that causes seed decay.

Root Rot Caused by Species of Fusarium on Brassica carinata in South Dakota

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-192
Author(s):  
Paul N. Okello ◽  
Kristina Petrović ◽  
Brian Kontz ◽  
Shaukat Ali ◽  
Laura F. Marek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Root Diseases

Brassica carinata is an emerging oilseed crop in the United States, and root diseases caused by Fusarium have the potential to cause yield losses in production. In this study, B. carinata plants were randomly sampled at vegetative and seed development plant stages from South Dakota State University experimental plots. Reddish-brown lesions were observed on roots of sampled plants from which F. acuminatum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. sporotrichioides were recovered. The Fusarium species were identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene region. Pathogenicity of the four Fusarium species was evaluated on five B. carinata accessions using a modified inoculum layer method in the greenhouse. At 21 days after inoculation, root rot severity caused by Fusarium on the B. carinata accessions was assessed on a rating scale of 0 to 4 and evaluated using relative treatment effects (RTEs). The F. oxysporum isolate caused significant differences in RTE (P = 0.01) among the B. carinata accessions. However, there were no significant differences in RTE among the B. carinata accessions in response to F. acuminatum (P = 0.82), F. solani (P = 0.76), and F. sporotrichioides (P = 0.47) isolates.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of a New Fungal Pathogen Causing Twisted Leaf Disease of Sugarcane in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyue Lin ◽  
Jingjing Wei ◽  
Muqing Zhang ◽  
Shiqiang Xu ◽  
Qiang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Sugarcane twisted leaf disease, caused by Phoma sp., was first reported in Guangxi, China, in 2012, when more than 5% of sugarcane was infected in the field. Three single-spore isolates were recovered from symptomatic leaves. Sequences from five fungal loci, 28S nrDNA (LSU), 18S nrDNA (SSU), the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 and 5.8S nrDNA (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB), and the translation elongation factor alpha (TEF-α) were amplified from the disease-associated isolates. The twisted leaf disease pathogen was identified and formally described as Phoma sorghina var. saccharum through phylogenetic analyses, morphological observations, and the pathogenicity of the isolates on sugarcane. P. sorghina var. saccharum can be differentiated from related species based on the morphology of pycnidia and chlamydospores that formed regular, glabrous, papillate ostioles. Chlamydospore-anamorph was unicellular, botryoid-alternarioid shape, as well as the binucleate, frequently branched hyphae. We also showed that mycelial growth of P. sorghina var. saccharum was optimal at pH 4.0 and 20 to 25°C. Additionally, among 13 chemical compounds tested, carbendazim was found to be the most effective in suppressing the radial growth of the fungus. Mycelial growth in vitro was completely inhibited at concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm, and 87.6% of mycelial growth was inhibited at 10 ppm. Carbendazim is therefore a potentially effective fungicide to control this disease in China.

scholarly journals Characterization of Fusarium and Neocosmospora Species Associated With Crown Rot and Stem Canker of Pistachio Rootstocks in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1931-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Crespo ◽  
Daniel P. Lawrence ◽  
Mohamed T. Nouri ◽  
David A. Doll ◽  
Florent P. Trouillas
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Pistachio Trees

California produces 99.1% of pistachios grown in the United States, and diseases affecting pistachio rootstocks represent a constant challenge to the industry. Field surveys of fungi associated with pistachio rootstocks with symptoms of crown rot and stem canker in three central California counties followed by phylogenetic analyses of translation elongation factor 1-α and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene fragments identified three Fusarium species (Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium proliferatum) and two Neocosmospora species (Neocosmospora falciformis and Neocosmospora solani). F. oxysporum and N. falciformis were the fungal species most frequently recovered from symptomatic pistachio trees. Inoculations of detached twigs of cultivar Kerman pistachio Pioneer Gold I and clonal University of California, Berkeley I (UCBI) rootstocks showed that all five species could colonize pistachio wood and cause vascular discolorations. Pathogenicity tests in potted pistachio trees completed Koch’s postulates and confirmed that F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, N. falciformis, and N. solani were capable of producing rot and discoloration in stems of clonal UCBI rootstocks, the most widely planted pistachio rootstock in California. To our knowledge, this study is the first to present insights into the biodiversity and biology of Fusarium and Neocosmospora species associated with pistachio trees in California.

scholarly journals Symptom Development in Response to Combined Infection of In Vitro-grown Lilium longiflorum with Pratylenchus penetrans and Soilborne Fungi Collected from Diseased Roots of Field-grown Lilies

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 882-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Lakshman ◽  
Paulo Vieira ◽  
Ruchi Pandey ◽  
Janet Slovin ◽  
Kathryn Kamo
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Easter Lily

Eight fungal isolates (ELRF 1 to 8) were recovered from necrotic roots of Easter lilies, Lilium longiflorum cv. Nellie White, grown in a field in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The eight fungal isolates were identified by sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on their ITS rDNA region. Five isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, two as F. tricinctum, and one as Rhizoctonia sp. AG-I. This constitutes the first report of Rhizoctonia sp. AG-I infecting lilies worldwide and the first report of F. tricinctum infecting lilies in the United States. To study and validate their pathogenicity, pure cultures of each isolate were used to infect the roots of Easter lily plants growing in vitro. In addition, Easter lily plants growing in vitro were infected either with or without Pratylenchus penetrans, the root lesion nematode, prior to placing a culture plug of fungus 1 cm from a lily root. Pratylenchus penetrans is a nematode species commonly found in the sampled fields. The presence of both nematode and Rhizoctonia sp. AG-I isolate ELRF 3 in infected lilies was evaluated by molecular analyses, confirming the infection of roots 3 days after inoculation, prior to development of disease symptoms. Necrosis and root rot developed more rapidly with all eight fungal isolates when there had been prior infection with P. penetrans, the major nematode parasitizing Easter lily roots in the field in Oregon.

scholarly journals Soybean SDS in South Africa is Caused by Fusarium brasiliense and a Novel Undescribed Fusarium sp.

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yared T. Tewoldemedhin ◽  
Sandra C. Lamprecht ◽  
Martha M. Vaughan ◽  
Gail Doehring ◽  
Kerry O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Intergenic Spacer Region ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Fusarium Sp

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) was detected in South Africa for the first time during pathogen surveys conducted in 2013 to 2014. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the 16 slow-growing Fusarium strains that were isolated from the roots of symptomatic plants. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of a portion of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region (IGS rDNA) indicated that the etiological agents were Fusarium brasiliense and a novel, undescribed Fusarium sp. This is the first report of F. brasiliense outside of Brazil and Argentina and the novel Fusarium sp. causing soybean SDS. Koch’s postulates were completed for both fusaria on seven soybean cultivars that are commercially available in South Africa. Results of the pathogenicity experiment revealed that the strains of F. brasiliense and Fusarium sp. differed in aggressiveness to soybean, as reflected in differences in foliar symptoms, root rot, and reduction in shoot length. Cell-free culture filtrates of the two soybean SDS pathogens from South Africa and two positive control strains of F. virguliforme from the United States induced typical SDS symptoms on susceptible soybean cultivars in a whole-seedling assay, indicating that they contained phytotoxins.

scholarly journals The Identification of a New Species, Diaporthe humulicola, a Pathogen Causing Diaporthe Leaf Spot on Common Hop

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 2377-2390
Author(s):  
Elisha Allan-Perkins ◽  
De-Wei Li ◽  
Neil Schultes ◽  
Sumeyra Yavuz ◽  
James LaMondia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
A New Species

Common hop, Humulus lupulus, is a commercially important crop in the United States, with an increasing number of hop yards being established in the Northeast. In 2018, a new fungal disease was observed at two research hop yards in Connecticut. This new pathogen affected all hop cultivars being grown and caused leaf spots and browning of cones. The causal organism was isolated and Koch’s postulates were performed to confirm pathogenicity. The disease symptoms were similar to the previously described Phoma wilt; however, morphological and phylogenetic analyses placed the causal organism as a new species of Diaporthe. We propose the name Diaporthe humulicola. The disease increased under hot, humid conditions (around 24°C and 90% relative humidity), which prevail during the summer in the northeastern United States as well as other parts of the country. An in vitro preliminary assessment of fungicide sensitivity revealed that pyraclostrobin and boscalid inhibited D. humulicola growth in culture and should be further assessed for field efficacy against this new disease of hop. The proper identification and monitoring of this pathogen will be important to inform hop growers of this new threat.

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