scholarly journals Overcoming Underrepresentation in Clinical Datasets for Accurate Subpopulation-specific Prognosis

Author(s):  
Sharmin Afrose ◽  
Wenjia Song ◽  
Charles B Nemeroff ◽  
Chang Lu ◽  
Danfeng (Daphne) Yao

Clinical datasets are intrinsically imbalanced, dominated by overwhelming majority groups. Off-the-shelf machine learning models optimize the prognosis of majority patient types (e.g., healthy class), causing substantial errors on the minority prediction class (e.g., disease class) and minority subpopulations (e.g., Black or young patients). For example, missed death prediction is 36.6 times higher than non-death cases in a mortality benchmark. Racial and age disparities also exist. Conventional metrics such as AUC-ROC do not reflect these deficiencies. We design a double prioritized (DP) sampling technique to improve the accuracy for underrepresented subpopulations. We report our findings on four prediction tasks over two clinical datasets, and comparisons with eight existing sampling solutions. With DP, the recall of minority classes shows 35.4-130.4% improvement. Compared to the state-of-the-arts, DP sampling gives 1.2-58.8 times more balanced recalls and precisions. Our method trains customized models for specific race or age groups, a departure from the one-model-fits-all-demographics paradigm. As underrepresented groups in clinical medicine are a daily occurrence, our contributions likely have broad implications.

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hartmann

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) with regard to age was tested in two different databases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first database consisted of 6,980 boys and girls aged 12–16 from the 1997 cohort ( NLSY 1997 ). The subjects were tested with a computer-administered adaptive format (CAT) of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) consisting of 12 subtests. The second database consisted of 11,448 male and female subjects aged 15–24 from the 1979 cohort ( NLSY 1979 ). These subjects were tested with the older 10-subtest version of the ASVAB. The hypothesis was tested by dividing the sample into Young and Old age groups while keeping IQ fairly constant by a method similar to the one developed and employed by Deary et al. (1996) . The different age groups were subsequently factor-analyzed separately. The eigenvalue of the first principal component (PC1) and the first principal axis factor (PAF1), and the average intercorrelation of the subtests were used as estimates of the g saturation and compared across groups. There were no significant differences in the g saturation across age groups for any of the two samples, thereby pointing to no support for this aspect of Spearman's “Law of Diminishing Returns.”


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Asgari ◽  
A.A. Parach ◽  
F. Bouzarjomehri ◽  
F. Shirani-Takabi ◽  
A.H. Mehrparvar ◽  
...  

Introduction: Computer Tomography (CT) scans can deliver a relatively high radiation dose to the patient, therefore radiation protection for this modality is paramount. The present study determined the frequency of no abnormality detected (NAD) brain CT scans and probability of cancer induction in different age groups and genders. Methods: In this study, brain CT reports were used to identify any findings as abnormality detected (AD) and others as NAD. Then probability of future leukemia and brain cancer was estimated for different age and gender groups. Results: On average, in 65% of the cases the results were NAD (56% and 76% among males and females, respectively). Among children, 79% of the reports were NAD. The total number of projected brain cancers was 1.8 and 1.3 for males and females, respectively. The number of projected leukemia cases was 0.75 and 0.7 for males and females, respectively. For pediatric patients, brain CT scans can lead to leukemia cases about 4.5 times more often than adults. Conclusion: Brain CT scans can lead to additional cases of brain cancer and leukemia. A significant fraction of brain CTs were NAD (non-pathologic) and could practically be replaced by other radiation-free imaging modalities, especially in pediatric and young patients.


2019 ◽  
pp. 5-34
Author(s):  
Anna L. Lukyanova ◽  
Rostislav I. Kapeliushnikov

The paper analyzes changes in job opportunities of older workers in Russia in the period 2005—2017. The study uses the data from the Russian Labor Force Survey conducted by Rosstat. Changes in the occupational and industrial composition of elderly workers follow the trends pursued by other age groups: employment shifts from low- to high-skilled occupations, from physical to intellectual labor, and from material production to the service sector. We find a stronger polarization among older workers as their occupational structure is biased in favor of, on the one hand, the most and, on the other hand, the least qualified types of jobs. Employment of the elderly has fallen sharply in agriculture and manufacturing with a significant increase in trade, education, and health. Although the employment structure of older workers is generally more “traditionalist”, recent decades have witnessed its transformation in “progressive” directions, similarly to other age groups. These findings suggest that the legislated increase in the state retirement age is not likely to give rise to sizeable unemployment among the elderly. Most of them will be able to work in the occupations and industries previously dominated by young and prime-age workers.


e-GIGI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezra G. R. Tambunan ◽  
Karel Pandelaki ◽  
Christy N. Mintjelungan

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases with characteristic hyperglycemia that occurs due to insulin secretion, insulin action or both. This disease affects many societies and continuously growing in Indonesia. Periodontal disease is an oral health problem which has a relatively high prevalence in the community where periodontal disease in all age groups in Indonesia.The purpose of this study was to determine the periodontal disease in patients with diabetesmellitus in RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. This descriptive study has 68 sample taken with total sampling technique. The sample is examined using evaluation criteria gingival index and CPITN index. The result show that subjects with periodontitis with a score of 4 is the highest as many as 18 people (44%) and subject with a score of 2 is that at least as many as 8 people (19.5%). And subjects with bad gingivitis is the highest as many as 10 people (52.6%) and subject with the good gingivitis is the at least as many as 5 people (26.3%). Based on the result of this study, periodontal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus in RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou most that periodontitis with the number of 41 people (68.3%) compared to gingivitis which is just as many as 19 people (31.7%)Keywords: diabetes mellitus, periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontalAbstrak:Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan suatu kelompok penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau kedua-duanya. Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita kalangan masyarakat dan terus berkembang di Indonesia. Penyakit periodontal merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang memiliki prevalensi cukup tinggi di masyarakat dimana penyakit periodontal pada semua kelompok umur di Indonesia.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyakit periodontal pada penderita diabetes mellitus di RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan jumlah sampel 60 orang yang diambil dengan teknik total sampling. Sampel diperiksa dengan menggunakan kriteria penilaian indeks gingiva dan indeks CPITN. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa yang mengalami periodontitis dengan skor 4 adalah yang paling tinggi yaitu sebanyak 18 orang (44%), dan subjek yang mengalami skor 2 adalah yang yang paling sedikit yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (19.5%). Sedangkan yang mengalami gingivitis yang paling tinggi yaitu gingivitis buruk sebanyak 10 orang (52.6%) dan yang paling sedikit adalah yang mengalami gingivitis ringan yaitu sebanyak 5 orang (26.3%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyakit periodontal yang paling banyak ditemui pada penderita diabetes melitus di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado adalah penyakit periodontitis yaitu sebanyak 41 orang (68.3%) dan yang paling sedikit adalah gingivitis yaitu sebanyak 19 orang (31.7%)Kata kunci: diabetes melitus, periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontal


Author(s):  
Frederick Beiser
Keyword(s):  
The Arts ◽  

Frederick Beiser’s chapter demonstrates the palpable impact of Moses Mendelssohn on Lessing’s Laocoon. Mendelssohn composed his own treatise about the differences between the arts in 1757, paying particular attention to hybrid artistic forms that combined ‘natural’ and ‘arbitrary’ signs through their fusion of ‘successive’ and ‘instantaneous’ elements. In his comments on an early draft of Laocoon, Mendelssohn reminded Lessing that poetry—due to the arbitrariness of its signs—could also successfully express objects that coexist with one another rather than consecutive actions in time. Of all Mendelssohn’s comments on Laocoon, Beiser argues, this was the one that most troubled Lessing as he tried to develop a system for understanding ancient ‘poetry’ and ‘painting’.


Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifeng Wang ◽  
Zhijiang Zhang ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Dan Zeng

The one-shot multiple object tracking (MOT) framework has drawn more and more attention in the MOT research community due to its advantage in inference speed. However, the tracking accuracy of current one-shot approaches could lead to an inferior performance compared with their two-stage counterparts. The reasons are two-fold: one is that motion information is often neglected due to the single-image input. The other is that detection and re-identification (ReID) are two different tasks with different focuses. Joining detection and re-identification at the training stage could lead to a suboptimal performance. To alleviate the above limitations, we propose a one-shot network named Motion and Correlation-Multiple Object Tracking (MAC-MOT). MAC-MOT introduces a motion enhance attention module (MEA) and a dual correlation attention module (DCA). MEA performs differences on adjacent feature maps which enhances the motion-related features while suppressing irrelevant information. The DCA module focuses on decoupling the detection task and re-identification task to strike a balance and reduce the competition between these two tasks. Moreover, symmetry is a core design idea in our proposed framework which is reflected in Siamese-based deep learning backbone networks, the input of dual stream images, as well as a dual correlation attention module. Our proposed approach is evaluated on the popular multiple object tracking benchmarks MOT16 and MOT17. We demonstrate that the proposed MAC-MOT can achieve a better performance than the baseline state of the arts (SOTAs).


2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomiei Kazama ◽  
Ken Takeuchi ◽  
Kazuyuki Ikeda ◽  
Takehiko Ikeda ◽  
Mutsuhito Kikura ◽  
...  

Background Suitable propofol plasma concentrations during gastroscopy have not been determined for suppressing somatic and hemodynamic responses in different age groups. Methods Propofol sedation at target plasma concentrations from 0.5 to 4.0 microgram/ml were performed randomly in three groups of patients (23 per group) who were undergoing elective outpatient gastroscopy: ages 17-49 yr (group 1), 50-69 yr (group 2), and 70-89 yr (group 3). Plasma propofol concentration in which 50% of patients do not respond to these different stimuli were determined by logistic regression: verbal command (Cp50ls), somatic response to gastroscopy (Cp50endo), and gag response to gastroscopy (Cp50gag). Hemodynamic responses were also investigated in the different age groups. Results Cp50ls concentrations were 2.23 microgram/ml (group 1), 1.75 microgram/ml (group 2), and 1.40 microgram/ml (group 3). The Cp50endo values in groups 1 and 2 were 2.87 and 2.34 microgram/ml, respectively, which were significantly higher than their respective Cp50ls values. Cp50endo value in group 3 was 1.64 microgram/ml, which was close to its Cp50ls value. Because of a high degree of interpatient variability, Cp50gag could not be defined. Systolic blood pressure response decreased with increasing propofol concentrations. Conclusions The authors determined the propofol concentration necessary for gastroscopy and showed that increasing age reduces it. Propofol concentration that suppresses somatic response induces loss of consciousness in almost all young patients.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Aridah Aridah ◽  
Haryanto Atmowardoyo ◽  
Kisman Salija

The discrepancy between students’ preferences and teacher practices for feedback on writing has created difficulty on the side of teachers and confusion on the side of the students. What teachers believe and practice as effective feedback for students may not be the one that students perceive as useful and effective feedback for them. This paper investigates the types of written feedback preferred by the students and the types of feedback provided by the teachers on students’ writing. This study employed a survey design which involved 54 students and 22 teachers using convenience sampling technique. The instrument used in collecting data was a questionnaire in the form of Feedback Scale. The results showed that there were some points of compatibility between students’ preferences and teachers’ practices and some other points were incompatible. The data showed that both students and teachers preferred to have or to give direct feedback but the data also indicated that students liked to have more direct feedback than the teacher could provide. It was also found that the teachers provided more indirect feedback than the students expected to have. The students also preferred unfocused feedback to focused feedback. The findings of the study have crucial implications on writing instruction. There is a need to design writing instructions which accommodate both teachers’ practices and students’ preferences for written feddback. Based on the profile of students’ preference and teachers’ practices, a model of feedback provision in teaching writing is proposed. This model is called preference-based feedback on writing instruction.


2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. CMC.S2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Mahfouz Badran ◽  
Mohamed Fahmy Elnoamany ◽  
Tarek Salah Khalil ◽  
Mostafa Mohamed Ezz Eldin

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major public health problem which in turn imposes a significant burden on health care systems because of high morbidity and mortality. Although the multifactorial etiology of CAD increases with age, but in recent years, the incidence is increasing among younger age groups. Objectives In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of age on risk profile, inflammatory response and the angiographic findings in patients with ACS. Patients and Methods The study comprised 253 ACS patients. Seventy six (30%) with UA, 56 (22%) with NSTEMI and 121(48%) with STEMI diagnosis. The value of Hs-CRP, lipid profile, cardiac enzymes, risk factors, EF% and angiographic score were analyzed and compared in different age groups. Results Group 1 (n = 68) with age <45 years, group II (n = 110) with age ≥45-<65 years and group III (n = 75) ≥65 years. Group I had more prevalence of male sex, smoking, family history, hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of HDL (P < 0.01), higher incidence of STEMI (P < 0.01) and lower prevalence of UA (P < 0.01). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and female gender were more common in older groups. Hs-CRP was significantly lower in the young age (group I). Group I showed a preponderance of single-vessel disease, lower coronary atherosclerotic score and prevalent left anterior descending artery (LAD) involvement compared with older age groups. Hs-CRP was positively correlated to severity of CAD only in older groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that age, male gender, cardiac enzymes and EF% were common predictors of multivessel disease. Smoking was independent predictor in young patients <45 years while diabetes and Hs-CRP was the key predictor in older patient groups. Conclusion Young patients with ACS had different clinical, angiographic and biochemical profile. Hs-CRP peak concentration did not correlate with angiographic findings in young patients that could be attributed to different risk profile and discrete underlying mechanism.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusum Lata ◽  
Nutan Agarwal ◽  
Neerja Bhatla ◽  
Alka Kriplani

Objective: To find out the prevalence of epithelial ovarian tumors in young females and correlation with reproductive and survival outcome. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral hospital. Methods: A retrospective analysis of females from 9-35 year of age group treated for ovarian tumors between January 2003 to July 2013 was performed. Variables studied included age, presenting symptoms, imaging, tumor markers, surgical findings, type of surgery, histopathology reports and follow-up. Main Outcome Measures: Histopathological variant, FIGO stage, reproductive and survival outcome. Results: A total of 155 patients were found to have ovarian tumors. Mean age at time of diagnosis was 24.9 ± 1.8 years (range 9-35). Clinical presentation in majority of the cases was abdominal pain in 68 (43.8%), ascites in 13 (8.3%) mass in abdomen in 25 (16%), followed by irregular menstrual cycles in 15 (9.6%), infertility in 18 (11.6%) 12 (7.7%) were found to be incidental on ultrasound examination while 4 women were found to have virilising symptoms. There were 76 (49.1%) cases of epithelial ovarian tumors, 6 (0.03%) of borderline tumors and 30 (19.3%) were of malignant ovarian tumors while 40 (25.8%) were benign. Stage IA (N = 80), Stage I 8 (n = 2), Stage III (N = 6) and Stage IV (N = 12). Females were further subdivided into three age groups 9-15 years, 15-25 years and 25 to 35 years for determining outcome of epitheliail tumors. Reproductive and survival outcome were studied in each stage. Conclusions: Limited data exists about the histological type distribution, surgical treatment and overall survival of epithelial ovarian tumors in women aged below 35 years. Young patients have higher overall progression-free survival and a better clinical outcome than older patients. Any women presenting with pain and nonspecific symptoms should be investigated and evaluated properly.


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