scholarly journals Study on the mucosal and serological immune response to the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee WY Chan ◽  
Shaojun Liu ◽  
Jonathan Y Cheung ◽  
Joseph GS Tsun ◽  
Kate CC Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
First Line ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Systemic Responses

Vaccines that elicit mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 could potentially be of exceptional importance in providing first line defense at the site of viral entry. The serological antibody response induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have already been well characterized. In order to understand the mucosal immune response profiles of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, we examined both the mucosal and systemic responses of subjects vaccinated by two different vaccination platforms: mRNA (Comirnaty) and inactivated virus (CoronaVac). Serial nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) and peripheral blood samples were collected in ten subjects who had received CoronaVac and thirty-two subjects who had received Comirnaty. We quantified IgA and IgG specific to SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein by ELISA in NELF and plasma samples. The neutralization effect of these two sample types were evaluated by surrogate ACE-SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein ELISA. Only Comirnaty induced nasal SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein-specific (S1-specific) IgA and IgG responses, which were evident as early as on 14 days after the first dose. The NELF samples of 72% of subjects became IgA+IgG+, while in 62.5% of subjects the samples were neutralizing by 7 days after the second dose. In 45% of the subjects their NELF remained neutralizing 50 days after the booster of Comirnaty. In plasma, 91% and 100% Comirnaty subjects possessed S1-specific IgA+IgG+ on 14 days after the first dose and 7 days after booster, respectively. The plasma collected on 7 days after booster was 100% neutralizing. The induction of S1-specific antibody by CoronaVac was IgG dominant, and 70% of the subjects possessed S1-specific IgG by 7 days after booster and were all neutralizing. This study reveals that Comirnaty is able to induce S1-specific IgA and IgG response with neutralizing activity in the nasal mucosa in addition to a consistent systemic response. The clinical implications and the biological mechanism of an additional nasal immune response induced by vaccines such as Comirnaty warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals The Mucosal and Serological Immune Responses to the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee W. Y. Chan ◽  
Shaojun Liu ◽  
Jonathan Y. Cheung ◽  
Joseph G. S. Tsun ◽  
Kate C. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Systemic Responses

BackgroundAlthough the serological antibody responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are well characterized, little is known about their ability to elicit mucosal immunity.ObjectivesThis study aims to examine and compare the mucosal and systemic responses of recipients of two different vaccination platforms: mRNA (Comirnaty) and inactivated virus (CoronaVac).MethodsSerial blood and nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) samples were collected from the recipients of either Comirnaty or CoronaVac. The plasma and NELF immunoglobulins A and G (IgA and IgG) specific to SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein (S1) and their neutralization effects were quantified.ResultsComirnaty induced nasal S1-specific immunoglobulin responses, which were evident as early as 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. In 64% of the subjects, the neutralizing effects of NELF persisted for at least 50 days. Moreover, 85% of Comirnaty recipients exhibited S1-specific IgA and IgG responses in plasma by 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. By 7 ± 2 days after the booster, all plasma samples possessed S1-specific IgA and IgG responses and were neutralizing. The induction of S1-specific plasma antibodies by CoronaVac was IgG dominant, and 83% of the subjects possessed S1-specific IgG by 7 ± 2 days after the booster, with neutralizing effects.ConclusionComirnaty induces S1-specific IgA and IgG responses with neutralizing activity in the nasal mucosa; a similar response is not seen with CoronaVac.Clinical ImplicationThe presence of a nasal response with mRNA vaccine may provide additional protection compared with inactivated virus vaccine. However, whether such widespread immunological response may produce inadvertent adverse effects in other tissues warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Colorectal Cancer that Highly Express Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2, Suggesting Severe Symptoms to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huai Wang ◽  
Jiankang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Colon Adenocarcinoma ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
More Care ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

The epidemic of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the world pose a global health emergency. Cancer has been identified as a risk factor for the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ACE2 and TMPRSS2 have been implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection for mediating viral entry into the host cell. However, a systematic analysis of aberrant expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was not yet reported in multiple human cancers. Here, we analyzed gene expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 across 31 types of tumors. Notably, overexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 have been observed in colorectal cancer including colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), and rectum adenocarcinoma (READ). In addition, the colorectal tumors with upregulated gene expressing presented with decreased DNA methylation levels. DNA methylation might be one of the reasons for abnormal expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Conclusively, colorectal cancer was the only cancer with the upregulated expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. More care of colorectal cancer patients is needed in multiple cancers affected by the COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals Estradiol, Progesterone, Immunomodulation, and COVID-19 Outcomes

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck Mauvais-Jarvis ◽  
Sabra L Klein ◽  
Ellis R Levin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Severe outcomes and death from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appear to be characterized by an exaggerated immune response with hypercytokinemia leading to inflammatory infiltration of the lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes is consistently lower in women than men worldwide, suggesting that female biological sex is instrumental in protection. This mini-review discusses the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions of high physiological concentrations of the steroids 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). We review how E2 and P4 favor a state of decreased innate immune inflammatory response while enhancing immune tolerance and antibody production. We discuss how the combination of E2 and P4 may improve the immune dysregulation that leads to the COVID-19 cytokine storm. It is intended to stimulate novel consideration of the biological forces that are protective in women compared to men, and to therapeutically harness these factors to mitigate COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals A Practical Approach for Residency Programs to Revive Graduate Medical Education during the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Battle Proven Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Yousif Al-Saiegh
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Graduate Medical Education ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Internal Medicine Residency ◽  
The Novel ◽  
First Line ◽  
Residency Programs ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Continued Medical Education

The Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic impacted the educational environment of Internal Medicine residency programs tremendously, shifting the focus from continued medical education to being the first line of defense while taking care of patients with COVID-19. Our article discusses an approach to reestablish medical education in the midst of a pandemic.

scholarly journals Application of In-Silico Reverse Vaccinology for Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Coronavirus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Sharp ◽  
Dr. Shubhangi Dange
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Reverse Vaccinology ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Ramachandran Plot ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Specific Medication ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In absence of any specific medication or vaccine till now, experimentation has reached new heights. With lockdown imposed in almost every country and huge economic losses the search for a suitable vaccine has still been unsuccessful. In this study we have approached through in-silico method or reverse vaccinology taking advantage of the genome sequence of the novel coronavirus. We created a multi-epitope model vaccine which can elicit both humoral as well as cell-mediated immune response. It is also docked with toll-like receptor 8 TLR-8. The sequence obtained is antigenic, non-allergenic and 86.3% residues are in favourable region of Ramachandran plot. This sequence might have good hope of emerging as the vaccine of the current pandemic if studied more in depth.

Insights into pathophysiology, immune response and treatment of novel CoVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Rajinder Kaur ◽  
Reena Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Alveolar Edema

The beginning of year 2020 has brought with it mass destruction of mankind in form of novel coronavirus, named as CoVID-19. Declared as pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO), CoVID-19 has its origin in bats and pangolin from which it was probably transferred to human. Subsequent human to human transmission has been seen by respiratory droplets, fomites and oral-fecal route. The disease has caused widespread deaths in America, China, France and Italy followed by many European and Asian countries. CoVID-19 targets the human lungs and multiplies in alveoli using host machinery. Interstitial edema and alveolar edema at later stages cause alveoli collapse and difficulty in breathing. Severe cases may pave to systemic inflammatory response that has fatal response in body. Unfortunately, researchers are still struggling for potential vaccine or promising drug to combat the disease. WHO has issued guidelines suggesting regular hand washing, social distancing, wearing masks and quarantination as the best ways to prevent infection. This review gives an overview of the novel CoVID-19, conditions and immune response of human body related with it.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Extracellular Vesicles: An Intriguing Interplay

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-670
Author(s):  
Gabriella Pocsfalvi ◽  
Ramila Mammadova ◽  
Ana Paulina Ramos Juarez ◽  
Ramesh Bokka ◽  
Francesco Trepiccione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Cargo Delivery ◽  
The Many ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome β-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to become a long-lasting global health crisis. The number of people infected with the novel coronavirus has surpassed 22 million globally, resulting in over 700,000 deaths with more than 15 million people having recovered (https://covid19.who.int). Enormous efforts are underway for rapid vaccine and treatment developments. Amongst the many ways of tackling the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging. Summary: EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures secreted from all types of cells, including those lining the respiratory tract. They have established roles in lung immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, including viral infection. In this review, we point out the roles and possible contribution of EVs in viral infections, as well as ongoing EV-based approaches for the treatment of COVID-19, including clinical trials. Key Messages: EVs share structural similarities to viruses and recent findings demonstrate that viruses exploit EVs for cellular exit and EVs exploit viral entry mechanisms for cargo delivery. Moreover, EV-virus interplay could be exploited for future antiviral drug and vaccine development. EV-based therapies, especially the mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs, are being intensively studied for the treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Inflammatory pathways and potential therapies for COVID-19: A mini review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 205873922110029
Author(s):  
Areeg M Dabbish ◽  
Nouran Yonis ◽  
Mohamed Salama ◽  
Musthafa M Essa ◽  
M Walid Qoronfleh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The public health crisis of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is alarming since January 2020. COVID-19 genome (SARS-CoV-2) is related to other highly pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). Amino acid substitutions in some of SARS-CoV-2 proteins resulted in mutations proposing more virulent and contagious properties for this novel virus. Coronavirus penetrates the host cell via endocytosis and once infected, immune responses are triggered to fight against the pathogen. Innate immune response activates major transcription factors to secrete proinflammatory cytokines and type 1 interferon response (T1INF) to induce antiviral immunity. While adaptive immunity initiates cascade of B-cells antibody mediated and T-cells cellular mediate immunities, several mechanisms are raised by SARS-CoV-2 to evade host immune response. Consequently, a surge of proinflammatory cytokines, known as cytokine storm (CS) are released. Failure to manage CS results in several pathological complications as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although researches have not discovered an effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2, recent therapeutic approaches recommending the use of anti-inflammatories in combination with antivirals and some repurposed drugs for COVID-19 patients. Future medications should be designed to target essential hallmarks in the CS to improve clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection and the antiviral innate immune response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yang ◽  
Yingying Lyu ◽  
Fajian Hou
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Replication Process ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak began in December 2019, causing the illness known as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus spread rapidly worldwide to become a global public health emergency. As of 15 November 2020, more than 53 million confirmed cases and over one million deaths worldwide have been reported (World Health Organization, 2020). The SARS-CoV-2 genome was sequenced and studies are ongoing to further understand the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, etiological structure, cellular receptor angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE2), and intracellular replication process of the virus. Currently, thousands of clinical trials related to SARS-CoV-2 are underway (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). However, no vaccines or drugs have yet been approved, until very recently, for direct treatment or prevention of COVID-19 and only supportive treatment has been applied clinically. This review will discuss the possible mechanism of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide insight into the development of related therapeutics.

scholarly journals Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 antibody study using the Easy Check COVID-19 IgM/IgG™ lateral flow assay

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247797
Author(s):  
Renee L. Higgins ◽  
Stephen A. Rawlings ◽  
Jamie Case ◽  
Florence Y. Lee ◽  
Clarence W. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Antibody Levels

Since the initial identification of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December of 2019, researchers have raced to understand its pathogenesis and begun devising vaccine and treatment strategies. An accurate understanding of the body’s temporal immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is paramount to successful vaccine development and disease progression monitoring. To provide insight into the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2, plasma samples from 181 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients collected at various timepoints post-symptom onset (PSO) were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies via lateral flow. Additionally, 21 donors were tracked over time to elucidate patient-specific immune responses. We found sustained levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies past 130 days PSO, with 99% positivity observed at 31–60 days PSO. By 61–90 days PSO, the percentage of IgM-/IgG+ results were nearly equal to that of IgM+/IgG+ results, demonstrating a shift in the immune response with a decrease in IgM antibody levels. Results from this study not only provide evidence that the antibody response to COVID-19 can persist for over 4 months, but also demonstrates the ability of Easy Check™ to monitor seroconversion and antibody response of patients. Easy Check was sufficiently sensitive to detect antibodies in patient samples as early as 1–4 days PSO with 86% positivity observed at 5–7 days PSO. Further studies are required to determine the longevity and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and whether they are protective against re-infection.

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