scholarly journals Neural Basis of Acoustic Species Recognition in a Cryptic Species Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumya Gupta ◽  
Rishi K. Alluri ◽  
Gary J. Rose ◽  
Mark A. Bee
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Pulse Number ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Auditory Neurons ◽  
Advertisement Calls

ABSTRACTSexual traits that promote species recognition are important drivers of reproductive isolation, especially among closely related species. Identifying neural processes that shape species differences in recognition is crucial for understanding the causal mechanisms of reproductive isolation. Temporal patterns are salient features of sexual signals that are widely used in species recognition by several taxa, including anurans. Recent advances in our understanding of temporal processing by the anuran auditory system provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the neural basis of species-specific recognition. The anuran inferior colliculus (IC) consists of neurons that are selective for temporal features of calls. Of potential relevance are auditory neurons known as interval-counting neurons (ICNs) that are often selective for the pulse rate of conspecific advertisement calls. Here, we took advantage of a species differences in temporal selectivity for pulsatile advertisement calls exhibited by two cryptic species of gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor) to test the hypothesis that ICNs mediate acoustic species recognition. We tested this hypothesis by examining the extent to which the threshold number of pulses required to elicit behavioral responses from females and neural responses from ICNs was similar within each species but potentially different between the two species. In support of our hypothesis, we found that a species difference in behavioral pulse number thresholds corresponded closely to a parallel species difference in neural pulse number thresholds. However, this relationship held only for ICNs that exhibited band-pass tuning for conspecific pulse rates. Together, these findings suggest that differences in temporal processing of a subset of ICNs provide a mechanistic explanation for reproductive isolation between two cryptic and syntopically breeding treefrog species.Summary StatementTemporal processing by a subset of midbrain auditory neurons plays key roles in decoding information about species identity in anurans.

scholarly journals Neural Basis of Acoustic Species Recognition in a Cryptic Species Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumya Gupta ◽  
Rishi K. Alluri ◽  
Gary J. Rose ◽  
Mark A. Bee
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Pulse Number ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Cryptic Species Complex ◽  
Species Specific

Sexual traits that promote species recognition are important drivers of reproductive isolation, especially among closely related species. Identifying neural processes that shape species differences in recognition is crucial for understanding the causal mechanisms of reproductive isolation. Temporal patterns are salient features of sexual signals widely used in species recognition by several taxa, including anurans. Recent advances in our understanding of temporal processing by the anuran auditory system provide an opportunity to investigate the neural basis of species-specific recognition. The anuran inferior colliculus (IC) consists of neurons that are selective for temporal features of calls. Of potential relevance are auditory neurons known as interval-counting neurons (ICNs) that are often selective for the pulse rate of conspecific advertisement calls. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ICNs mediate acoustic species recognition by exploiting the known differences in temporal selectivity in two cryptic species of gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor). We examined the extent to which the threshold number of pulses required to elicit behavioral responses from females and neural responses from ICNs was similar within each species but potentially different between the two species. In support of our hypothesis, we found that a species difference in behavioral pulse number thresholds closely matched the species difference in neural pulse number thresholds. However, this relationship held only for ICNs that exhibited band-pass tuning for conspecific pulse rates. Together, these findings suggest that differences in temporal processing of a subset of ICNs provide a mechanistic explanation for reproductive isolation between two cryptic treefrog species.

The advertisement call of the Colombian endemic glassfrog Rulyrana susatamai (Anura: Centrolenidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4852 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-589
Author(s):  
CARLOS ALBERTO GALINDO ◽  
ANDRES VIUCHE-LOZANO ◽  
MANUEL HERNANDO BERNAL
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Advertisement Call ◽  
Advertisement Calls

Anuran calls are conspicuous, diverse and subject to sexual selection. Many types of calls are described, but the most commonly studied is the advertisement call (Wells 2007; Toledo et al. 2014). Advertisement calls in anurans are emitted by males and some females (Toledo et al. 2014), and have the function of attracting conspecific mates and repelling male competitors. Because the advertisement calls of many species differ by such a magnitude that they serve as premating species (Heyer et al. 1996), it has been demonstrated that advertisement calls play an important role in species recognition, reproductive isolation, and may reflect evolutionary relations among taxa (Wells 2007; Escalona et al. 2018). 

Reproductive Isolation among Sympatric Cryptic Species in Marine Diatoms

Protist ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A AMATO ◽  
W KOOISTRA ◽  
J LEVIALDIGHIRON ◽  
D MANN ◽  
T PROSCHOLD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Marine Diatoms

scholarly journals Species Recognition and Cryptic Species in the Tuber indicum Complex

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e14625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Chen ◽  
Shun-Xing Guo ◽  
Pei-Gui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Species Recognition

scholarly journals Morphologically cryptic Amazonian bird species pairs exhibit strong postzygotic reproductive isolation

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1874) ◽  
pp. 20172081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Pulido-Santacruz ◽  
Alexandre Aleixo ◽  
Jason T. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Postzygotic Isolation ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Hybrid Classes

We possess limited understanding of how speciation unfolds in the most species-rich region of the planet—the Amazon basin. Hybrid zones provide valuable information on the evolution of reproductive isolation, but few studies of Amazonian vertebrate hybrid zones have rigorously examined the genome-wide underpinnings of reproductive isolation. We used genome-wide genetic datasets to show that two deeply diverged, but morphologically cryptic sister species of forest understorey birds show little evidence for prezygotic reproductive isolation, but substantial postzygotic isolation. Patterns of heterozygosity and hybrid index revealed that hybrid classes with heavily recombined genomes are rare and closely match simulations with high levels of selection against hybrids. Genomic and geographical clines exhibit a remarkable similarity across loci in cline centres, and have exceptionally narrow cline widths, suggesting that postzygotic isolation is driven by genetic incompatibilities at many loci, rather than a few loci of strong effect. We propose Amazonian understorey forest birds speciate slowly via gradual accumulation of postzygotic genetic incompatibilities, with prezygotic barriers playing a less important role. Our results suggest old, cryptic Amazonian taxa classified as subspecies could have substantial postzygotic isolation deserving species recognition and that species richness is likely to be substantially underestimated in Amazonia.

scholarly journals Diversification and reproductive isolation: cryptic species in the only New World high-duty cycle bat, Pteronotus parnellii

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L Clare ◽  
Amanda M Adams ◽  
Aline Z Maya-Simões ◽  
Judith L Eger ◽  
Paul DN Hebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
New World ◽  
High Duty Cycle ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii

scholarly journals Morphometric Characteristics of the Skull in Horses and Donkeys—A Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Katrina Merkies ◽  
Georgios Paraschou ◽  
Paul Damien McGreevy
Keyword(s):  
Hard Palate ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Skull Morphology ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Subsequent Measurement ◽  
Clear Differentiation

Horses and donkeys belong to the genus Equus, but important differences exist between the species, many of which affect their management and welfare. This study compared skull morphology between horses and donkeys. Horse (n = 14) and donkey (n = 16) heads were obtained post-mortem, sectioned sagittally close to the midline, and photographed for subsequent measurement of various skull structures. Skull, cranial, nasal, and profile indices were calculated for topographical comparisons between the species. The olfactory bulb area (OBA), OB pitch (the angle between the hard palate and the OB axis), and whorl location (WL) were also measured. A General Linear Model determined the main effect of species with Sidak’s multiple comparisons of species’ differences among the various measurements. There was no species difference in cranial or nasal indices (p > 0.13), but donkeys had a larger cranial profile than horses (p < 0.04). Donkeys had a smaller OBA (p < 0.05) and a steeper OB pitch (p < 0.02) than horses. The WL corresponded to the level of the OB in horses but was extremely rostral in donkeys (p < 0.0001). These results show clear differentiation in skull morphology between horses and donkeys. This may be useful in validating other physiological and behavioural differences between horses and donkeys.

scholarly journals Fast Forward: Supramarginal Gyrus Stimulation Alters Time Measurement

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wiener ◽  
Roy Hamilton ◽  
Peter Turkeltaub ◽  
Matthew S. Matell ◽  
H. B. Coslett
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Standard Stimulus ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Temporal Judgment ◽  
The Right

The neural basis of temporal processing is unclear. We addressed this important issue by performing two experiments in which repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was administered in different sessions to the left or right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) or vertex; in both tasks, two visual stimuli were presented serially and subjects were asked to judge if the second stimulus was longer than the first (standard) stimulus. rTMS was presented on 50% of trials. Consistent with a previous literature demonstrating the effect of auditory clicks on temporal judgment, rTMS was associated with a tendency to perceive the paired visual stimulus as longer in all conditions. Crucially, rTMS to the right SMG was associated with a significantly greater subjective prolongation of the associated visual stimulus in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that the right SMG is an important element of the neural system underlying temporal processing and, as discussed, have implications for neural and cognitive models of temporal perception and attention.

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