The effect of social restrictions, loss of social support, and loss of maternal autonomy on postpartum depression in 1 to 12-months postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: This study focuses on postpartum women, who are one of the most vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic, aiming to reveal mental health consequences of social restrictions, loss of social support, or loss of autonomy. Methods: A cross-sectional study for postpartum women was conducted in October 2020 (N = 600). The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure postpartum depression. The prevalence ratios were estimated by log-binomial regression models, adjusting for age, education, household income, residence area, parity, the timing of delivery, and a prior history of depression. Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 28.7% (EPDS ≥), 18.6% (≥11), and 13.1% (≥13). Social restrictions including cancellation of home visits by health care professionals, or cancellation of infant checkups or vaccinations, loss of support during pregnancy or after delivery including loss of opportunities to consult with health care professionals or friends, or cancellation of parents or other family member visits to support, and loss of autonomy about delivery or breastfeeding, were associated with postnatal depression. Conclusion: About 30% of women who delivered and raised a baby during the COVID-19 pandemic had postpartum depression, which is much higher than a pre-pandemic meta-analysis. COVID-19 related social restrictions or loss of social support from healthcare professionals, family, and friends were significantly associated with postpartum depression. Also, loss of maternal autonomy in delivery and breastfeeding is associated with postpartum depression. The results indicate that both formal and informal support should not be limited to prevent postpartum depression during the pandemic.

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A focus on postpartum depression among Jordanian mothers

International Journal of Social Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/00207640211000100 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002076402110001

Author(s):

Esra’ O Taybeh

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Marital Conflict ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Web Based ◽

Unplanned Pregnancies

Background: The magnitude of postpartum depression in Jordan is under documented, and little is known about its potential sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and risk factors associated with postpartum depression among Jordanian mothers in the first 18 months after delivery. Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from April to June 2020 in Jordan. A web-based survey was used for recruiting eligible participants. An Arabic version of the validated self-administered Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale questionnaire was used to measure postpartum depression with a cut-off score of ⩾12 which indicates probable depression. Results: A total of 1,071 Jordanian women participated in the study. Of those, 567 women had postpartum depression (52.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that postpartum depression was significantly associated with marital conflict (OR: 4.91; 95% CI: 2.36–10.20), negative attitude from the pregnancy (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45–0.99), unplanned pregnancies (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.16–2.60), lack of social support (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.12–3.32), time from last delivery (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98–1.00), insomnia (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.35–0.82), and depression during the pregnancy (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.33–0.78). Most of the participants (65.7%) sought social support to avoid, reduce, or treat postpartum depression. Conclusions: Postpartum depression among Jordanian women was the highest in comparison to that of women in other countries in the region. Therefore, screening for the presence of depressive symptoms should be implemented during regular pregnancy care visits. Social support should be encouraged in order to avoid, reduce, or treat postpartum depression.

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Postpartum Depression and its Associated Factors: A Community-based Study in Nepal

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council ◽

10.33314/jnhrc.v0i0.1635 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 200-205

Author(s):

Anisha Chalise ◽

Tulsi Ram Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Postpartum Period ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Economic Status ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Family Care ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Postpartum depression is a type of mental disorder associated with childbirth during pregnancy or within the first postpartum year. It is reported as a common psychological health problem affecting 10-15% of women worldwide. The duration of postpartum depression frequently depends on its severity and the time of initiation of treatment. This study assessed depression and its associated factors among postpartum period women of Godavari municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale among 195 mothers who were within six months of the postpartum period. The chi-square and logistic regression were applied to establish the association between postpartum depression and associated factors. Results: Out of the total 195 postpartum women, 37(19%) women suffered from depression and out of those women 2.1% had suicidal thoughts. Among the associated factors, education, occupation, the intent of pregnancy, family support and pregnancy-related problems/complications were found to be significantly associated with Postpartum depression (p<0.05). Conclusions: Nearly one-fifth postpartum women suffered from some type of depression. It is one of the public health concerns which directly or indirectly corresponds to the socio-economic condition of the women. The improved education and economic status of women, intention of pregnancy, family care and support during pregnancy and the postpartum period and early diagnosis and management of health problems could reduce the magnitude of the postpartum depression. Keywords: Associated factors of postpartum depression; edinburg postpartum depression scale; Nepal; postpartum depression.

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Family function fully mediates the relationship between social support and depression among antenatal and postpartum women in rural Southwest China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-48519/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Huang ◽

Yan Liu ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Danping Liu

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Southwest China ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Family Function ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: Antenatal and postpartum depression is the most common complication of gestation and childbearing affecting women and their families, and good social support and family function are considered the protective and modifiable factors. This study aimed to investigate the depression status and to clarify the interrelationships between social support and depression considering the influence of family function among antenatal and postpartum women in rural areas of Southwest China.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from a total of 490 rural antenatal (N=249) and postpartum(N=241) women (age: 28.17± 5.12). A structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypothesized relationships among the variables. The following instruments were used: the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), the APGAR Family Care Index Scale, and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS).Results: We found that the prevalence of depression was 10.4%. Path analysis showed that family function had a direct negative correlation with depression (β =-0.251, 95%CI: (-0.382)– (-0.118)). Social support had a direct positive correlation with family function (β =0.293, 95%CI: (0.147– 0.434)) and had an indirect negative correlation with depression (β =-0.074, 95%CI: (-0.139)– (-0.032)), family function fully mediated the relationship between social support and depression. Conclusions: Findings of this study highlight that family function should be considered as the key target for interventions aiming to lower the prevalence of antenatal and postpartum depression. Family members interventions are critical to reduce depression among antenatal and postpartum women.

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Psychometric Analysis of the Arabic Translation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support

Journal of Nursing Measurement ◽

10.1891/jnm-d-20-00029 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. JNM-D-20-00029

Author(s):

Dalia Khalil ◽

Thomas Templin ◽

Carmen Giurgescu ◽

Dawn P. Misra

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Factor Model ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Arab American ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

American Immigrant ◽

Cross Sectional Design

BackgroundSocial support has been related to postpartum depression (PPD) among immigrant women. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) has been translated to Arabic (MSPSS-AW) but not validated among postpartum women.PurposeTo further replicate and refine the already existing MSPSS-AW to determine: (a) reliability and construct validity of the MSPSS-AW in immigrant Arab American postpartum women, and (b) relationship of dimensions of social support and PPD.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design, 115 Arab American immigrant postpartum women completed demographic questionnaire, MSPSS-AW, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis replicated three- factor model for social support (Family, Friends, and Husband). Internal consistency reliability coefficients for the three subscales ranged from .65 to .79. The MSPSS-AW subscales were related to PPD symptoms controlling for years of education, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy.ConclusionThe MSPSS-AW is reliable and valid for use with immigrant Arab American postpartum women.

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Impact of postpartum depression on quality of life

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1844 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s901-s902 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. Feki ◽

I. Feki ◽

D. Trigui ◽

I. Baâti ◽

R. Sallemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

World Health ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

World Health Organization Quality ◽

The Mean

IntroductionWomen during the postpartum period experience many physiological, psychological, and social changes. Quality of life (QOL) is a sense of well-being and arises from satisfaction or dissatisfaction with various aspects of life including health, employment, socioeconomic state, psychological-emotional state, and family.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify influence of childbirth experience and postpartum depression on QOL.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study regarding 150 postpartum women receiving cares in the hospital of Sfax and examined during the first and the sixth week post-delivery. Data collection tools in this study were demographic questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and world health organization quality of life-bref (WHOQOL-bref). Data were analyzed using SPSS.ResultsThe mean age of our sample (n = 150) was 29.61 years. During the sixth week study period, 126 of 150 were examined.A personal psychiatric history of depression was found in 9.3% of cases.The current pregnancy was undesired in 15.3% of cases.The prevalence of postpartum depression in the first week was 14.7% and 19.8% in the sixth week after delivery.The mean score of quality of life was 81.62 ± 9.09.Scores of quality of life and all its dimensions were significantly lower in depressive women.ConclusionBecause enormous changes develop in postpartum women, we suggest supportive measures for mother by her mother-in-law family, and caregivers to improve the QOL and health status of the mother and her child and to prevent postpartum depression.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Determinants of Postpartum Depression In Rural Area, Central Java, Indonesia

Journal of Health Science and Prevention ◽

10.29080/jhsp.v5i1.464 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 49-57

Author(s):

Estiningtyas ◽

Anindhita Yudha Cahyaningtyas

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Family Support ◽

Rural Area ◽

Maternal Mental Health ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java ◽

Husband Support

Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a severe complication of labour result in an adverse effect on maternal and neonatal health. Nevertheless, the factors associated with postpartum depression are very rarely examined during postpartum care. This study aimed to discover the determinants of postpartum depression among mothers in a rural area, Central Java, Indonesia. The design of the study was observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The setting of the study was in Sukoharjo Regency. Participants of the study were 160 mothers, ages 20-35 years old, during 0-8 weeks of postpartum that were taken using a purposive sampling technique. The participants were given two questionnaires: (1) questionnaire on the socio-demographic; and (2) the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to mothers’ at their houses by the interviewers. The result findings shows that the determinants of postpartum depression are occupations (p=0.012), husband support (p=0.010), family support (p=0.027), social support (p=0.025), pregnancy planning (p=0.025), monthly income (p=0.021). PPD is not associated with age (p=0.417), parity (p=0.977), and level of education (p=0.892). Key conclusion: maternal mental health services need to be addressed in the management of the risk factors to prevent the occurrence of postpartum depression. Keywords: husband support, family support, social support, postpartum depression symptoms

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Association between Lack of Social Support from Partner or Others and Postpartum Depression among Japanese Mothers: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17124270 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 4270

Author(s):

Akito Yamada ◽

Aya Isumi ◽

Takeo Fujiwara

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Questionnaire Response ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Japanese Mothers

Lack of social support is a known risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD). However, the association between lack of social support from a partner or others and PPD remains unknown. We examined this association among Japanese mothers. We distributed an original questionnaire to mothers participating in a three- or four-month health check-up program over October to November 2012 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Of the 9707 eligible mothers, 6590 responded to the questionnaire (response rate: 68%). Social support from a partner or others was assessed based on whether the mother can consult with her partner or others (i.e., parents, relatives, and friends who are close by or far) on childcare. PPD was assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis for four categories: no social support from either a partner/others, social support from a partner only, social support from others only, and social support from both, adjusted for possible covariates. Mothers who have no social support from either a partner/others, have social support from a partner only, and have social support from others only were 7.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76–29.6), 2.34 (95% CI, 1.37–3.98), and 3.13 (95% CI, 2.11–4.63) times more likely to show PPD, respectively, in comparison with mothers who have social support from both, after adjustment of possible covariates. Mothers with no social support from a partner, but have social support from others, showed significant risk for PPD, which may be invisible. Further prevention effort is needed to detect PPD cases, with a focus on mothers without support from their partner.

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Family function fully mediates the relationship between social support and depression among antenatal and postpartum women in rural Southwest China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-48519/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Huang ◽

Yan Liu ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Danping Liu

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Southwest China ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Family Function ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: Antenatal and postpartum depression is the most common complication of gestation and childbearing affecting women and their families, and good social support and family function are considered the protective and modifiable factors. This study aimed to investigate the depression status and to clarify the interrelationships between social support and depression considering the influence of family function among antenatal and postpartum women in rural areas of Southwest China.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from a total of 490 rural antenatal (N=249) and postpartum(N=241) women (age: 28.17± 5.12). A structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypothesized relationships among the variables. The following instruments were used: the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), the APGAR Family Care Index Scale, and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS).Results: We found that the prevalence of depression was 10.4%. Path analysis showed that family function had a direct negative correlation with depression (β =-0.251, 95%CI: -0.382 to -0.118). Social support had a direct positive correlation with family function (β =0.293, 95%CI: 0.147 to 0.434) and had an indirect negative correlation with depression (β =-0.074, 95%CI: -0.139 to -0.032), family function fully mediated the relationship between social support and depression. Conclusions: Findings of this study highlight that family function should be considered as the key target for interventions aiming to lower the prevalence of antenatal and postpartum depression. Family members interventions are critical to reduce depression among antenatal and postpartum women.

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Low Consumption of Vegetables Is Associated with Postpartum Depression: A Cross Section Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_184 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1112-1112

Author(s):

Jian Zhao

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Food Groups ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Consumption

Abstract Objectives Postpartum depression (PPD) is a critical public health concern, giving negative effects on women health and child development. Recently, diet quality has emerged as a possible preventative measure in ameliorating PPD, however the evidence-base exploring this association is immature. The aim of this study was to examine the association between consumption of food groups and depression of postpartum women within 2 years. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 554 postpartum women who set up files after delivery within 2 years at 10 community health service centers in Beijing from July to September 2017. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS) and a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were used to measure the status of depression and the consumption of food groups. The association of certain food groups with PPD were estimated by logistic regression. Results A total of 163 women (29.4%) were depressed above the EPDS cut-off score (≥13 scores). Lower consumption of vegetables and fruits were found in 59.0% and 63.5% of postpartum women separately. Meanwhile, higher consumption of meat and eggs were found in 68.6% and 63.4% of postpartum women separately. After statistical adjustment for age and society correlation factors, low consumption of vegetables (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16–3.38) was significantly associated with PPD. Conclusions Low consumption of vegetables was associated with PPD. Funding Sources This study was funded by grants from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences.

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Poor Dietary Diversity Is Associated With Postpartum Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab046_133 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 836-836

Author(s):

Jian Zhao

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Objectives Postpartum depression (PPD), a major maternal health concern, gives negative effects on women health, child development and family well-being. Recently, diet quality has emerged as a possible preventative measure in ameliorating PPD, however the evidence-base exploring this association is immature. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between diet diversity and depression of postpartum women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 554 postpartum women who set up files after delivery within 2 years at 10 community health service centers in Beijing from July to September 2017. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS) in Chinese version was used to access the status of depression. Dietary intake was determined using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnairea (FFQ). Dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated based on scoring to the eight-food groups with frequency according to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines (2016). DDS ranged from 0–32, and was classified into two groups: low (≤26.5) and high (>26.5). Logistic regression models were used to estimate relationships between DDS and PPD. Results A total of 163 women (29.4%) were depressed above the EPDS cut-off score (≥ 13 scores). Mean (±-s.d.) of DDS was 27.9 ± 3.4. 28.7% of the subjects (n = 159) had low DDS and 71.3% (n = 481) had high DDS. After statistical adjustment for age and society correlation factors, lower DDS was significantly associated with PPD ([aOR] = 1.81, 95% [CI] = 1.13 - 2.89). Conclusions The present study found that low DDS, which means poor dietary diversity was associated with PPD in Chinese women after delivery within 2 years. Funding Sources This study was funded by grants from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2019-I2M-2-007).

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